TELECOMMUNICATION

SWITCHING

TANVIR AHMAD KHAN NIAZI

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Telecommunication

Telecommunication is the assisted

transmission of signals over a
distance for the purpose of
communication.

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Switching
The equipments and
techniques for enabling any
station in a communications
system to be connected with
any other station..

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Switching
Switching is an essential
component of telephone,
telegraph, data-processing, and
other technologies
Switching may be performed by
electronic,optical, or
electromechanical devices.
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 Telecomm Components
 Subscriber
 Devices attached to network
 Local Loop
 Subscriber loop
 Connection to network
 Exchange
 Switching centers
 End offices
 Trunks
 Branches between exchanges
 Multiplexed

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Switching

 Any subscriber line can request a connection

to any other line or trunk.
 The “Switching Network” must allow for these
connections to be established and removed.

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General Principles of
Switching
 Mass communication: communication from
few to many, requires:
 one way communication path

 Point-to-point
communication: from one
communicator to another, requires:
 Both-way communications and rapid
reconfiguration of transmission path

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Point to point lines

If we could have point to point lines between all senders

and all receivers, then we would not need switching.
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Imagine point to point lines
between all pairs of people:

# of people # of lines
2 1
3 3
10 45
100 4950
1000 0.5 million

In general, for n people, # of lines = n(n-1)/2

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Need for Switching

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.
 Lines or wires from everybody's house go
into the switch
 When a call is placed, the switch creates a
temporary link between these lines.

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Switch
Mubashir
Amir Asif

Zia

Abid
Umar
Khalid
•

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TYPICAL CONNECTIVITY OF A
SUBSCRIBER

Subscriber D D TELEPHONE
Office P C MDF EXCHANGE

OUTSIDE PLANT/COPPER INSIDE PLANT/CENTRAL OFFICE

NETWORK

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Telephony Equipment

 Telephone Set

 PABX
 Advanced features and call routing
 Tens to hundreds of telephone handsets
 Central Office (CO) or Exchange

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CO Stages in Equipment
 Manual switching:
All telephone lines terminate in a jack, patch
cord used to connect parties
 Automatic switching:
 Electromechanical
 step-by-step switching (Strowger switch)
 cross-bar switching (common control)
 Computer-controlled switching

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Basic Call Progress – On Hook

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Basic Call Progress – Off Hook

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Basic Call Progress -- Dialing

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Basic Call Progress --
Switching

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Basic Call Process -- Ringing

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Basic Call Process -- Talking

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Analog Signaling– Supervisory
Signaling
 Loop Start
 Almost All Telephones
 Current Flow Sensed
 Ground Start
 Momentary Ring Lead

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Loop Start

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Normal Signal Flow

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Switching Systems

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.
To get attention of the operator was a small
hand- cranked AC generator or “magneto”
at subscriber end
 Produced about 90 V ac, at 20 Hz
frequency.

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 Classification of switching system

S w it c h in g S y s t e m

m anual A u t o m a t ic

E le c t o m e c h a n ic a l E le c t r o ic
( S t o r e d p r o g r a m c o n t r o l)

S tro w g e r o r s te p -b y -s te p C ro s s b a r S p a c e d iv is io n s w it c h in g T im e d iv is io n s w it c h in g

D ig it a l A n a lo g

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S p a c e s w it c h T im e s w it c h C o m b in a t io n s w it c h
Strowger Switch
A step by step (SXS) system performing
switching in two dimensions (horizontal and
vertical)
 Switching action is a direct result of the dial
pulses generated by the rotary telephone set.
 Example a 10,000 lines SXS central office
switch.

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Strowger Switch Operation
 When a caller goes off-hook, current is detected in the sub. Loop
and preselector switch become active.
 The preselector switch advances to a level that seizes an idle
line and sends a dial tone to the subscriber.

 In step by step, the talk path is established as digits are dialed.

 Say party now dials 5831.

 When 5 is dialed, the resulting electrical pulses causes the
electromechanical relay of a selector switch to step in the vertical
direction to a level equal to 5.

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Strowger Switch Operation
 The wiper then advances step by step, in the
horizontal direction, until it seizes an idle line
available on the next selector switch.
 An 8 is dialed, and the procedure is repeated.
 The connection is further advanced to final
destination.

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Strowger Switch Operation
 The final selector is capable of handling last two
digits
 When 3,1 are dialed, the final selector switch is
advances vertically to the third level and horizontally
to the first position.
 The called party at 5831 is tested for a busy
condition and the ring potential is applied if the party
is idle.
 Once the party answers, the lines are further
supervised till the termination of the call.

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Strowger Switch--Example

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Negative Stepper Properties

 High maintenance cost

 Slow mechanical operation

 Slow signaling
 Can’t take full advantage of CCS7 and other
electronic signaling systems
 Big and bulky
 Digital switches use ~1/50th the floor space of
steppers; ~1/10th the floor space of crossbar
switches.
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Common Control Switch
 In common control signaling, the dialed digits
are collected and stored until all the digits are
dialed.
 The digits necessary to determine the talk
paths connections within the caller’s central
office are handled locally and remaining
digits are retransmitted to the next office
involved in the call.

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Common Control Switch
 Clear separation between control and
switching network of manual switching
reestablished
 Control apparatus only used to set up and
terminate calls
 General principle of common control switches
still used in electronic switching today

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 Crossbar switch
 Introduced in 1917
 The switches are electromechanically activated
and rely on moving parts.
 The switch contains sets of contact points or cross-
points with three to six individual contacts per set.
 Magnets cause vertical and horizontal bars to cross
each other and make coordinates determined by
the numbers dialed.
 Each switch typically has either 100 or 200
crosspoints.

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Electronic Switching Systems
 ESS No. 1:
 Computer control/stored program control (SPC)
 Analog Relay switching, using sealed contact reed
switches
 Can handle 10000 to 70000 lines.
 ESS No.2
 Capable of handling 1000 to 10,000 lines
 Attractiveness lies in providing reliable services to smaller
communities at an economical cost.
 Also fully operational at a remote site
 Up gradation from DTL to RTL increasing the speed and
reducing the size of control circuitry,
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Electronic Switching Systems

 ESS No.3
 Bipolar LSI ROMs for micro program control.
 SPC executed from a unique set of microinstructions stored
in ROM
 Designed for small offices and small cities of 100 to 100
subscribers.
 ESS No. 4:
 First all-electronic exchange with digital technology
employed in its computerized control and switching matrix.
 Over 10,00 trunks can be handled using a combination of
TDM and SDM. 38
Electronic Switching Systems
 ESS No.5
 Most advanced and versatile
 Capable of serving 100,00 to 1,000 subscribers.
 Relies heavily on LSI
 Software technology incorporated to permit rapid
addition of new technology with the
advancements in hardware.
 Some facilities:
 Call
forwarding, Call waiting, call within,
Speed call, Three way calling, Caller ID etc.
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Origins of digital switching

• Stored Program Control Switches (1970+)

i.e. Digital Switches
Utilize a CPU for controlling most switching
operations
– Few moving parts
– More maintenance free and efficient
– Allow significant flexibility of service (programs can be
stored and executed for each subscriber :
» Call blocking
» Repeat last call
» Reminder calls
» Call diversion 40
ACCESS SWITCHING CONTROL
NETWORK

DLU SYP
LTG CCG

CP
N
S
DAS MB

POWER
SUPPLY SIGNALLING
SYSTEM

C7/SS7
POWER
SUPPLY

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TYPICAL SWITCH
A digital exchange (Nortel DMS-100) used by an operator to
offer local and long distance services
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ACCESS SWITCHING CONTROL
NETWORK

DLU SYP
LTG CCG

CP
N
S
DAS MB

POWER
SUPPLY SIGNALLING
SYSTEM

C7/SS7
POWER
SUPPLY

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TYPICAL SWITCH
Switching Technology
 Circuit Switching (CS)
 Need a connection establishment between end
nodes.
 Connection is maintained until one of end
nodes terminates.
 Connection is dedicated to the communication
between two nodes.
 Reduces the number and the total length of
the links
 Example : Public Switch Telephone Network
(PSTN)
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Switching Technology
 PacketSwitching (Virtual Circuit and
Datagram)
 Data are transmitted in short messages called packets.
 A connection between the two end-nodes is not
maintained.
 A node-to-node link can be dynamically shared by many
packets.
 Example : Public Data Network (PDN) likes X.25, Frame
Relay.
 Message Switching (MS)
 Cell Switching (ATM)

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National Telecommunications
Network
 Primary Center (Local Network/Primary Trunk
Switching Centers)

 SecondaryCenter (Trunk network/Regional

Tandem Switching Centers)

 Tertiary
Center (National Tandem
Exchanges/Tertiary Trunk Switching Centers)

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Terminology
 North American  British

1 Customers Loop 1 Local Network/Access

Network
2 Central Office 2 Exchange
3 End Office 3 Local Exchange
4 Class 5 Office
5 Inter Office Trunk
5 Junction
6 Junctor
7 Toll Office 6 Trunk
8 Toll Network 7 Trunk exchange
8 Trunk Network
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Regulations
 Differentcountries have used different
methods to regulate the telecommunication
business. In most countries the
telecommunication monopoly has been
controlled by state ownership like PTA in
Pakistan.

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Standards
International Communications Union (ITU)

 The work of ITU is carried out through two main bodies:

5) The ITU Telecommunication Sector (ITU-T)

Its duties include the study of technical questions, operating
methods and tariffs for telephony, telegraphy and data
communications
7) The ITU Radio Communication Sector (ITU-R)
It studies all technical and operating questions relating to radio
communications including point to point communications,
mobile services and broadcasting. Associated with it is the
International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB), which
regulates the assignment of radio frequencies to prevent
interference between different transmissions
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Thanks

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