And Its Usage in Industry

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mamarium is from the lanthanoids series.

the fifteen elements with atomic numbers 57

through 71.
These elements are sometimes called rare earth
elements. because of their property of "hiding"
behind each other in minerals.
Lanthanoids are chemically similar to each other.
All elements in the lanthanoid series form M3+
ions.
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The mineral is first described by Gustav Rose

as dense and very shining black mineral
found in mouthern Ural.

He named it, uranotantal.

Analysis by Heinrich Rose analyzed shows

there is no tantalum present.

Mineral name change to mamarskite.

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mamarium the element is derived from

mamarskite mineral.

Marc Delafontaine called it Decipium

mixture of mamarium and other rare-earth elements

Lecoq de Boisbaudran who analyzed samarskite

named it as mamarium,
Eugene Demarcay shows that Lecoqǯs mamarium is
indeed a mixture of mamarium and Europium.

These are the contributors to the discovery of

mamarium element.

mamarium is a lanthanoid metal, with a bright
silver shines, having mm as its symbol and the
atomic number of 62. Its electronic
configuration is [Xe] 4f6 6s2 while its common
oxidation number is +2 and +3.
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Main source of mamarium is Monazite and

Bastnasite mineral.
Bastnasite is more preferred as Monazite contains
radioactive Thorium which is dangerous to
human.

much cases of monazite extraction plant

releasing Thorium
Asian Rare Earth plant in Bukit Merah, Perak,
which extract lanthanoids from Monazite.
 

Bastnasite ore is grinded.

To separate from other mineral

barite and calcite.

treated with hydrochloric acid.

The lanthanides that dissolved were subjected to
solvent extraction, to capture the europium

Purify and extract other individual
components of the ore especially cerium.
further product included a lanthanide mix,
essentially all of samarium and heavier
lanthanides.

ÿther sources of mamarium which is under
research are from nuclear waste.

separating the radioactive actanoids from the

waste
reacting the actanoid fluorides with aluminium,
Leaves the lanthanoid in salt form.

Next step is to extract the lanthanoids from

the lanthanoid fluoride salt.
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mamarium is a fairly reactive metal.

combine with many other substances under
relatively mild conditions.

Most known are mamarium oxide, mamarium

iodide and samarium chloride.

mamarium metal tarnishes slowly in air and

burns readily to form samarium(III) oxide,
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mamarium is quite electropositive

reacts slowly with cold water and quite

quickly with hot water to form samarium
hydroxide, mm(ÿH)3, and hydrogen gas (H2).



  



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mamarium metal reacts with all the halogens
to form samarium(III) halides.

reacts with fluorine, F2, chlorine, Cl2, bromine,

I2, and iodine, I2,

forming respectively samarium(III) bromide,

mmF3, samarium(III) chloride, mmCl3,
samarium(III) bromide, mmBr3, and
samarium(III) iodide, mmI3.

Their reactions are,
2mm(s) + 3F2(g)   2mmF3(s) [white]
2mm(s) + 3Cl2(g)   2mmCl3(s) [yellow]
2mm(s) + 3Br2(g)   2mmBr3(s) [yellow]
2mm(s) + 3I2(g)   2mmI3(s) [orange]
  

mamarium(III) oxide

dopant in glass,
glass can be use to make sunglasses.

catalyzes the dehydration of acyclic primary

alcohols to aldehydes and ketones.

mamarium(III) chloride
preparation of samarium metal

anhydrous mmCl3 mixed with sodium chloride

or calcium chloride
to lower the melting point

melted and electrolysed to give the free

samarium metal.

mamarium(II) iodide (mmI2)
formed from high temperature decomposition of
mmI3

Used as reaction reagent,

carbon carbon bond formation in Barbier reaction
organic reaction between an alkyl halide and a
carbonyl group forming alcohols.

mamarium-Cobalt (mmCo) Magnets

rare-earth permanent magnet that is more

efficient, and greater resistance to
demagnetization, and can be magnetized to
higher levels than conventional magnets.

higher in cost, but magnetically very strong

and typically allow for dimensional
reductions.

mamarium Cobalt magnet,

offer excellent corrosion resistance

do not require a surface treatment.

this magnet is brittle and weak mechanically

and not suitable to be used as a structural
element in a design.

mamarium isotopes and radioisotopes also
have applications.

seven naturally occurring isotopes

144mm, 147mm, 148mm, 149mm, 150mm, 152mm, and
154mm.

147mm, 148mm, and 149mm are radioactive.


148mm has
been used to study the giant
monopole resonance

149mm has been used in a filter for polarizing

thermal neutrons.

152mm is used for the
production of the
radioisotope 153mm
which is used for bone
pain palliation or partial
treatment, these bone
pain cause by cancer
and the drug is called
´Quadramet´.
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