USE OF TRAVEL

TIMETOMOGRAPHY IN STRONG
MOTION SIMULATION
 CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Travel time tomography
• Strong motion simulation using Semi-Empirical
approach
• Case study- 1
• Case study- 2
• Conclusion
 Introduction
• The word ‘tomography’ means ‘slice picture’ (from the Greek
word ‘tomos’ meaning ‘slice’).
• It was first used in medical imaging.
• Seismologist use ‘tomography’ word to describe the imaging of
2-D slices only.
• Tomography involve gathering projection data from multiple
directions and feeding the data into a tomographic
reconstruction software algorithm processed by a computer.
• In the present day, seismic travel time tomography is the one of
the robust technique which is used in determining the
appropriate velocity model.
•
 Ray Tracing (Forward Modeling)
Velocity Model Seismic Data (Travel time)

Tomographic inversion (Inverse Modeling)

Seismic Data (Travel time) Seismic Data (Travel time)
.
 Objectives of Present
Work


 Travel Time Tomography

Ø Introduction

•
 t(ray) = ∫s(x,z) dl


 ∆t = D∆S


Ø Forward Modeling Vs Inversion

Ø Ray Tracing


Ø Problem Statement
T = Dn×m ×Sm


Ø Experiment Data vs. Model Data

Treal = Dreal ×Sreal
 Tmodel = Dmodel ×Smodel



 Dreal = Dmodel = D


Ø The Damped least Squares Problem

 mest = GT× dest

mest = (GTG + λ Ι ) −1 Γ Τ δ
 S=||d-Gm||2 + λ ||m||2

•
Strong Ground Motion Simulation
Using
Semi - empirical Approach
• Introduction


Ø Similarity relationships of earthquake



Ø Methodology


•
(a) white gaussian noise (b) filter representing basic spectral shape
(c) filtered white noise (d) envelope of accelerogram
(e) multiplication of the envelope with filtered
white noise

(f) summation of all accelerogram (g) the simulated acceleration record

( after Joshi, 2004)

 Case Study - 1

Ø Introduction

•
1 : Pre-Tertiary rocks
2 ： Mainly sedimentary rocks of lower 　 to
middle Miocene age
3 : Mainly volcanic rocks of lower to Middle
　 Miocene 　 age
4 ： Mainly 　 sedimentary rocks of upper
Miocene to Pliocene age
5 ： Mainly volcanic rocks of upper Miocene
　 to Pliocene age
6 ： Neogene intrusive 　 rocks
7 ： Mainly sedimentary rocks of Pliocene to
lower Pleistocene age
8 ： Mainly volcanic rocks of Pliocene to
lower Pleistocene age
9 ： Mainly sedimentary rocks of middle to
late Pleistocene
10 ： Mainly volcanic rocks of middle to late
Pleistocene
11 ： holocene sediments
(After Kakimi et al., 1982))
 Ø Initial Model

Velocity(km/s) Thickness of the

layers(km)

2.8 0-8
2.9 8-22
3.5 22-35

(Courtesy: Junichi Nakajima, Toru Matsuzawa,

and Akira Hasegawa et al., 2001)
Ø Data

(Courtesy: http://www.kik.bosai.go.jp-sitemap)
Figure: Diagram explaining
the format of Kik-net data

(Courtesy:
http://www.kik.bosai.go.jp-sitemap)
Figure: Diagram showing the hypocenter of Events1 and 2 and location of various stations
where it was recorded. (Courtesy: http://www.kik.bosai.go.jp)
Figure 4.6: Diagram showing the hypocenter of Event 4 and location of various stations
where it was recorded. (Courtesy: http://www.kik.bosai.go.jp, modified)
Ø Result
 37

Event 1 Event 2

36.7
 37 37

Event 4 Event 3

36.7 36.7
Velocity(km/s) Thickness of the
layer(km)

1.72 0-8

2.78 8-22

3.5 22-35
 velocity

depth

 3 3

2.8

Figure (a): resolution matrix of

inversion of the data
2.5
Figure (b): covariance matrix of
inversion of the data

2.6
 Case Study - 2

Ø Introduction

Ø Data



•

Station11
NIGH
GNMH
FKSH 07
21
code
09 37.339
Latitude 139.317
37.169
36.618
37.007 Longitude 7.93994
138.747
138.91
139.378 PGA
57.1515
3.45243
7.27059 Epicentral
24
40
55
65 Station name
Kawanishi
Takayama
Hinoemata
Tadami
distance(km)
Figure: Diagram showing the hypocenter of Event and location of various stations
where it was recorded. (Courtesy: http://www.kik.bosai.go.jp)


•
Modelling Parameter

Rupture length L = 3.4km

Width D = 3.0km
Dip = 450
Depth = 14km
Ø Result

•
Figure: Comparison of the observed acceleration records at various
stations with the synthetic records
 CONCLUSION

•
 REFERENCES

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