Evolved Packet System:

The Next Generation

Mobile Network for 4G
systems
Presented by: Dr. Khaled Ali
Outline
• Introduction
• Evolved Packet System Architecture
• LTE Radio Network
• Evolved Packet Core (EPC) Network
• QoS Control in the EPS
• Conclusion

05/27/11 EPS Systems 2

Introduction

• Different access and core networks

• Different QoS control mechanisms
• Different mobility management Legacy
mechanism CS
services
• High deployment and maintenance
cost CN IP
network
• High cost per bit
GERA
N

UTRA CN
CN
N

CDMA20
0 HRPD
WiMA
WLAN
X
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Introduction
• Unified core network architecture for
heterogeneous access networks Evolved
• New radio access network Packet
• Maintaining a competitive wireless System
system from 2010-2020 (EPS)
• 3GPP system architecture evolution
(SAE) Objectives:
GERA Legacy
– Evolved- (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio N CS
Access Network; Long Term Evolution services
(LTE)
• OFDMA downlink radio technology UTRA EPC
• SC-FDMA uplink radio technology N IP
• Increased data rates network
• Lower latency
• Reduced connection setup time E-
• Low cost per bit UTRAN
– Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network
• All IP CDMA20
• Supporting 3GPP and non-3GPP radio access 0 HRPD
technologies
• Seamless service continuity for multi-mode WiMA
terminals X WLAN

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EPS Network Architecture

• E-UTRAN (LTE)
– enhanced Node B (eNB)
– User Equipment (UE)
• EPC
– Serving Gateway (S-GW)
– Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW)
– Mobility Management Entity (MME)

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 LTE Radio Network: Features
• Simplified flat radio network architecture
• Flexible and expandable spectrum bandwidth
• High data throughput (Macro eNB& Home eNB)
• Support for multi-antenna scheme (up to 4x4 MIMO )
• Time-frequency scheduling on shared-channel
• Cost-reduction per bit
• Reduced latency
• Seamless inter radio access technology (inter-RAT)
mobility

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LTE Radio Protocol RLC
Segmentation,
Segmentation,
Structure Payload
Selection
Segmentation,
Segmentation,
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
• RLC and MAC sublayers:
– Data packet segmentation Priority
MA
– Scheduling mobile users and handling, C Multiplexing
Payload
data flows Retransmissio
Selection
– Retransmission and n Control
multiplexing of data flows HARQ

• PHY sublayer:
– QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM PH
Code rate Y Coding, rate
– OFDMA modulation
matching
– Antenna assignment
Modulation Uplink
– Resource allocation Scheme Modulation Only

DFT
Antenna
Antenna and mapping
resource
allocation
OFDM
modulation

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LTE Bandwidth Flexibility
• Operates in different frequency
bands 1.4
• Can be deployed with different MHz
20 MHz
bandwidths in order to operate in
spectrum of different sizes
• Efficient migration of other radio fDL
fDL/UL
technologies to LTE
fUL
• Enabling asymmetric spectrum
Unpaired spectrum
utilization Paired spectrum

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LTE: OFDM
• Large degree of freedom
• Channel coding is mandatory
for combating fading f1 f2 ……………………………………… fn

• Multi-path propagation
controlled by cyclic prefix

e
m
Ti
• OFDM receivers design has
less complexity than Rake
receivers
• Flexible spectrum expansion

s
1m
1 resource block = 180 kHz = 12 or 14 sub carriers
• High peak-to-average ratio
• Doppler effect Frequency

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 LTE Frame Structure
• FDD and TDD schemes
One radio frame, Tframe =
• Single radio interface 10ms
• Virtually, identical PHY One subframe, Tsubframe =
layer processing 1ms
UL fUL
• Low cost implementation FD
D DL
• FDD: fDL
– Two carrier frequencies, Subframe #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
fUL and fDL #7 #8 #9
– 10 subframes for each UL (Special (Special
and DL UL
subframe) subframe)

– Simultaneous transmission TD
D DL
• TDD: fUL/ fD

– Single carrier frequency DwPTS GP

L

– Seven different uplink- UpPTS

downlink configurations
– DwPTS,
– Guard periods
– UpPTS
• Sounding signals and random
access

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LTE Scheduling
• Uplink and downlink transmission are scheduled by the eNB MAC
scheduler
• UE requests uplink transmission resources from eNB through
Scheduling Request (SR) mechanism
– Dedicated SR (D-SR)
– Random Access SR (RA-SR)
• Buffer Status Report (BSR) after SR mechanism is required
• Distribute available radio resources in the frequency domain
• Dynamical change of the allocated resources every 1ms
• In addition to the resource block, the scheduler defines the
modulation and coding schemes, MIMO or beamformaing
• Providing the desired QoS on a shared channel
• QoS class, Queuing delay of the available data, instantaneous
channel conditions

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LTE Scheduling: Channel Quality
Indicator (CQI)
• Varying radio-channel
quality in space, time and
frequency
• Channel-dependent
scheduling in time and
frequency domain can be
exploited
• Efficient radio resources
utilization
• Fast channel variation
tracking ,utilized by the
scheduler
• Certain mobile users are
scheduled for transmission
for each 1 ms subframe
• Uplink sounding reference
signal

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LTE Retransmission Handling
• Occasional Tx errors
• No bit error propagation to upper
layers, drop or reTX UL UL
ARQ ARQ
• Physical layer attaches 24-bit CRC TX RX
checksum to the data unit RLC STATUS
Local
RLC PDU RLC STATUS as
NAK
• HARQ at the MAC layer
DL HARQ data

retransmits the corrupted DL

HARQ
UL
HARQ
UL
HARQ
DL
HARQ

transport blocks Rx Tx

HARQ ACK/
Rx Tx

Transport block
• Multiple stop-and-wait HARQ NACK
Uplink L1
process
• Single-bit HARQ feedback Downlink L1

ACK/NACK with a fixed timing

relation to the corresponding Tx
• Simple, low latency, low
overhead, reliable
• Complemented by ARQ at the RLC
layer
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 EPC Network
• All IP core network GERA MSC MSC Legacy
N CS
• Evolution of GPRS services
3GPP
• Integration with non- SGS GGS
3GPP systems UTRA N N
N
• Supports PMIPv6
mobility
MME S- P-
• Mobility Management EPS-3GPP GW GW
Entity (MME) node
PCR IP
• Serving Gateway (S- F network
E-
GW) UTRAN
HSS/AA
A
• Packet Data Gateway ePD
G
(P-GW)
• Evolved Packet Data
Gateway (ePDG) Non-3GPP
• Policy and Charging WLAN
Rule Function (PCRF)
CDMA20 WiMA
from (IMS) 0 HRPD X

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Interfaces Data Interfaces
 QoS Control in EPS networks
• Operators are moving from Single to
multi-service offering
• Number of broadband subscribers and
their traffic volume are rapidly
Subscriber Service
increasing differentiation differentiation

• EPS QoS concept standardized in 3GPP Business Vs. Standard Public Internet
Post- VS. Pre-paid VPN
Rel. 8 Flat rate abusers P2P file sharing
etc. Video streaming
• Enable service and subscriber IMS voice
CS
differentiation Mobile-TV
etc.
• Bearer; the central element of EPS
QoS concept
• The Bearers and their assigned QoS
parameters are managed through a
set of network initiated signaling
procedures
• EPS QoS concept is a class-based
• Network initiated QoS concept + class
based approach gives operators full
control over the QoS provided for the
offered services

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 QoS Control in EPS networks: EPS Bearer
• Identifies packet flows that
receives a common treatment
• Packet flows are defined by a
five-tuple based packet filters
• One bearer exist per a
combination of QoS class and
IP address of a terminal
• A terminal can have multiple
IP address; one for each
Access Point Name (APN)
• Tunnel Header
• DSCP
• GBR vs. non-GBR Bearers
• Default vs. Dedicate Bearers

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 QoS Control in EPS networks: QoS
Parameters
• QoS Class Identifier (QCI)
– specifies the user-plane treatment for a packet on a specified bearer
• Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP)
– Specifies the control plane treatment a bearer receives
• Maximum Bit Rate (MBR)
• Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR)
• Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate (AMBR)
– defined by group of non-GBR bearers for differentiated subscription

QoS Control in EPS networks: QoS

Mechanism
• Control-Plane Signaling
– PCRF issues Policy and Charging Control (PCC) rules to the gateway
• User-Plane Functions (3GPP and O&M configuration through
signaling Procedures)
– Classified into
– Packet-Flow Level Functions
– Bearer-Level Functions
– DSCP-Level Functions

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QoS Control in EPS networks: Dedicated
Bearer Set up
• Network-Initiated QoS Control
Client
– Network initiates the signal for (access Service layer signaling AF/
establishing a dedicated bearer QoS (SIP) DPI
unaware)
with a specific QoS
– Triggered by AP or DPI Initiate dedicated bearer (UL
Termin packet filters) Netwo
– Client is access QoS unaware al rk
RA Initiate dedicated bearer
– Needs a policy controller N (QoS info)

• Terminal-Initiated QoS Control

Network-Initiated
– Terminal initiates the signaling for
establishing the dedicated bearer
– The networks initiates the signaling
to the RAN Client
– The client must be aware of the (access Service layer signaling AF/
QoS (SIP) DPI
QoS model of the access networks aware)
– No need for a policy controller
Initiate dedicated bearer (QoS info + DL
Termi packet filters) Netwo
nal rk
RA Initiate dedicated bearer
N (QoS info)

Terminal-Initiated

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 VoIP call setup with the EPS QoS concept

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Conclusion

• Unified Core Network

• New Radio Access Network for 4G
systems
• Enhanced scheduling and
retransmission mechanism
• Bearer-based QoS control paradigm

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