Bearings for Bridges

Dr. Shahzad Rahman

NWFP University of Engg & Technology, Peshawar

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Bridge Bearings

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Bridge Bearings

Function Of Bearings
 Bridge bearings are used to transfer forces
from the superstructure to the substructure,
allowing the following types of movements of
the superstructure:
 Translational movements; and
 Rotational movements

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Bridge Bearings

Until the middle of this century, the bearings used

consisted of following types:
 Pin
 Roller
 Rocker
 Metal sliding bearings

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Pin Bearing

 A pin bearing is a type of fixed bearings that accommodates

rotations through the use of a steel
 Translational movements are not allowed.
 The pin at the top is composed of upper and lower
semicircularly recessed surfaces with a solid circular pin
placed between.
 Usually, there are caps at both ends of the pin to keep the pin
from sliding off the seats and to resist uplift loads if required.
 The upper plate is connected to the sole plate by either
bolting or welding. The lower curved plate sits on the masonry
plate.

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Pin Bearing

Steel Pin

• Rotational Movement is allowed

• Lateral and Translational Movements are Restricted
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Roller Type Bearings

Single Roller Bearing Multiple Roller Bearing

• AASHTO requires that expansion rollers be equipped with “substantial side bars”
and be guided by gearing or other means to prevent lateral movement, skewing,
and creeping (AASHTO 10.29.3).
• A general drawback to this type of bearing is its tendency to collect dust
and debris.
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Roller Type Bearings

Roller Type Bearing with Gear Arrangement

• Longitudinal movements are allowed

• Lateral Movements and Rotations are
Restricted
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Rocker Type Bearing

• A rocker bearing is a type of expansion bearing that comes in a great

variety.
• It typically consists of a pin at the top that facilitates rotations, and a
curved surface at the bottom that accommodates the translational
movements
• Rocker and pin bearings are primarily used in steel bridges.

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 Sliding Bearings

• A sliding bearing utilizes one plane metal

plate sliding against another to
accommodate translations.
• The sliding bearing surface produces a
frictional force that is applied to the
superstructure, substructure, and the
bearing itself.
• To reduce this friction force, PTFE
(polytetrafluoroethylene) is often used as a
sliding lubricating material. PTFE is
sometimes referred to as Teflon, named
after a widely used brand of PTFE

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Sliding Bearings

• Sliding Bearings be used alone or more often used as a component in other

types of bearings
• Pure sliding bearings can only be used when the rotations caused by the
deflection at the supports are negligible. They are therefore limited to a span
length of 15 m or less by ASHTTO [10.29.1.1]

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 Knuckle Pinned Bearing

• It is special form of Roller Bearing in which the Knuckle pin is provided for easy
rocking. A knuckle pin is inserted between the top and bottom casting. The top casting
is attached to the Bridge superstructure, while the bottom casting rests on a series of
rollers
• Knuckle pin bearing can accommodate large movements and can accommodate
sliding as well as rotational movement
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Pot Bearings

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Pot bearing

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Pot Bearings

 A POT BEARING consists of a shallow steel

cylinder, or pot, on a vertical axis with a neoprene
disk which is slightly thinner than the cylinder and
fitted tightly inside.
 A steel piston fits inside the cylinder and bears on
the neoprene.
 Flat brass rings are used to seal the rubber between
the piston and the pot.
 The rubber behaves like a viscous fluid flowing as
rotation may occur.
 Since the bearing will not resist bending moments, it
must be provided with an even bridge seat.

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Plain Elastomeric Bearings

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Laminated Elastomeric Bearings

Elastomeric material interspersed with steel plates

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Laminated Elastomeric Bearings

• consist of a laminated elastomeric bearing

equipped with a lead cylinder at thecenter of
the bearing.
• The function of the rubber-steel laminated
portion of the bearing is to carry the weight
of the structure and provide post-yield
elasticity.
• The lead core is designed to deform
plastically, thereby providing damping
energy dissipation.
• Lead rubber bearings are used in
seismically active areas because of their
performance under earthquake loads.

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Other Types of Bearings

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Selection of Bearing Type
 AASHTO LRFD provides guidelines for selection of suitable
bearings for bridges as per requirements in Table 14.6.2-1

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 Selection of Bearing Type

Bearing Suitability: AASHTO Table 14.6.2-1

Rotation about bridge
Movement Axis indicated Resistance to Loads Score Rank
Type of Bearing
Long Trans Long Trans Vert Long Trans Vert S L R U

Plain elastomeric pad L L S S L L L L 2 6 0 0 18

Fiberglass reinforced pad S S S S L L L L 4 4 0 0 20

Cotton duck reinforced pad U U U U U L L S 1 2 0 5 7

Steel-reinforced elastomeric
bearing S S S S L L L S 5 3 0 0 21
Plane sliding bearing S S U U S R R S 4 0 2 2 14
Curved sliding spherical
bearing R R S S S R R S 4 0 4 0 16
Curved sliding cylindrical
bearing R R U S U R R S 2 0 4 2 10
Disk bearing R R S S L S R S 4 1 3 0 17
Double cylindrical bearing
R R S S U R R S 3 0 4 1 13
Pot bearing R R S S L S S S 5 1 2 0 19
Rocker bearing
S U U S U U R S 3 0 1 4 10
Knuckle pinned bearing U U U S U S R S 3 0 1 4 10
Single roller bearing S U U S U U R S 3 0 1 4 10
Multiple roller bearing S U U U U U U S 2 0 0 6 6

S = suitable, U = unsuitable, L = suitable for limited applications, R = may be suitable, but requires special considerations or additional
elements such as slider or guideways. 21
Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

Loading Data

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

Corrected for skew

mgr = rskew x mg
Where,
rskew = Correction Factor for Skew
mg = Uncorrected Distribution Factor neglecting skew
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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

Uncorrected Distribution Factor = mgVMI  0.826

For Shear, Interior Beams

Uncorrected Distribution Factor = mgVSE  0.762

For Shear, Exterior Beams

Uncorrected Distribution Factor = mg MMI  0.746

For Moment, Interior Beams

Uncorrected Distribution Factor = mg MSE  0.762

For Moment, Exterior Beams

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example
Correction Factor for Skew

For skewed bridges the Distribution Factor for Shear may be modified by
Multiplying it with a Modification Factor given as: [A4.6.2.2.3 c-1]
0.3
 Lts 3 
rskew  1.0  0.2  tan 
 Kg 
  30o
 Lts 3 
   1.0
 Kg 
rskew  1.0  0.21.0 
0.3
(0.577)  1.115

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example
Correction Factor for Moment

For skewed bridges the Distribution Factor for Moment may be modified by
Multiplying it with a Modification Factor given as: [A4.6.2.2.2 e]
rskew  1.0  c1 (tan  )1.5
0.25 0.5
 Kg  S
c1  0.25  3   
 Lts  L
  30o
 Kg 
 3 
 1.0 , L  10,670mm, S  2440mm
 Lts  0.5
 2400 
c1  0.25 x 10.25 x    0.12
 10670 
rskew  1.0  c1 (tan 30)1.5  0.948

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example
Modified Distribution Factors for Shear and Moment

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example
Bearing Load Calculation

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example
Bearing Load Calculation

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example
Maximum Longitudinal Movement at the Abutment

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example
Preliminary Thickness of Bearing

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example
Preliminary Thickness of Bearing

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example
Preliminary Thickness of Bearing

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example
Check Stresses in Trial Bearing Size

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

0.033

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

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Elastomeric Bearing Design -Example

m
m
0
35
=
W
7mm
0.6mm

15mm
62.4mm

L = 240 mm

FINAL DESIGN 53