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Introduction to

Databases
Contents

 Common uses of database systems


 Database
 Database Management Systems (DBMS)
• Functions of a DBMS
• Major components
• Advantages and disadvantages
Common uses of database systems

 Purchases from the supermarket


 Bar core reader is linked to a database application to identify the price
of the item
 Purchasing using credit card
 Card reader checks your credit limit
 A database that stores information about the purchases that you
have made
 Using the library (borrowing and returning)
 Database that contains the details of the books
 A database that allows user to find a book based on title, author or
subject area
 Bar code reader that keeps track of the books borrowed and returned
Database
 A database is a collection of logically related
data and its description, designed to meet the
information needs of an organization
 It is a large repository of data that can be used
simultaneously by many departments and users
 When we analyze the information needs of an
organization, we need to identify entities,
attributes and relationships.
Entities, attributes and
relationships
 Entity – a distinct object (a person, place,
concept, event)
 Attribute – a property that describes some
aspect of the object that we wish to record
 Relationship – an association between entities
Sample library database

 Entity – book, student


 Attributes – book (title, author, ISBN no, year
published)
 Relationships – author has many books
- one book has one ISBN no
- a year has many books
published
Database Management Systems
(DBMS)
 DBMS – a software system that enables users to define,
create, maintain and control access to the database
 It provides the following facilities :
 Data definition language (DDL) that allows users to define
the database
 Data manipulation language (DML) – that allows user to
insert, delete, update and retrieve data from the database
(query language).
 Most common query language is Structured Query
Language (SQL)
Functions of DBMS

 Data storage, retrieval and update


 A user-accessible catalog
 Transaction support
 Concurrency control services
 Recovery services
 Authorization services
 Support for data communication
 Integrity services
 Services to promote data independence
 Utility services
Application programs

 It is a computer program that interacts with the


database by issuing an appropriate request (usually
an SQL statement) to the DBMS
 User interacts with a database through a number of
application programs that are used to create and
maintain the database and to generate information
 The application programs may be written in a
programming language
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
– major components
 5 major components :
 Hardware
 PC, mainframe or network of computers
 Software
 DBMS software, application programs, operating system, and
network software
 Data
 Procedures
 Instructions and rules that govern the design and use of the
database
 People
 Data and database administrator
 Database designer
 Application developer
 End-user
Database Management Systems
(DBMS) – Advantages…
 Control of data redundancy
 Multiple copies of data are not stored
 Data consistency
 If a data is stored only once in the database, any update to its value
has to be performed only once and the new value is available to all
users
 More information from the same amount of data
 With the integration of operational data, other departments also has
the knowledge of the stored data from other departments
 Sharing of data
 The database belongs to the entire organization and can be shared by
all authorized users
Database Management Systems
(DBMS) – Advantages…
 Improved data integrity
 Database integrity refers to the validity and consistency of stored
data. Integrity is expressed in terms of constraints which are
consistency rules that the database is not permitted to violate.
 Improved security
 Database security is the protection of the database from
unauthorized users. Security may take the form of username and
passwords.
 Enforcement of standards
 Integration allows for standards like naming conventions, update
procedures and access rules
 Economy of scale
 Combining all organization’s operational l data into one database and
creating a set of applications that work on this one source of data can
result in cost savings.
Database Management Systems
(DBMS) – Advantages
 Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
 Increased productivity
 Increased concurrency
 Improved backup and recovery services
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
– Disadvantages
 Complexity
 Size – large software
 Additional hardware costs
 Cost of conversion – training of staff and employment of
specialist staff
 Greater impact of a failure – the centralization of
resources increases the vulnerability of the system. Because
all users and applications rely on the availability of the
DBMS, the failure of certain components can bring
operations to a halt
Quick question : is it a
A well-known program package developed in
DBMS?
Java programming language called EasyData
DB, provides all the access methods to various
hard disk files. It also provides full
transactional support, database recovery and
on-line backups. Is EasyData DB a database
management system (DBMS) ?

Answer : No because the program does not


includes database queries to store, retrieve,
manipulate and access data from the
database.

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