Database Database Management Systems (DBMS) • Functions of a DBMS • Major components • Advantages and disadvantages Common uses of database systems
Purchases from the supermarket
Bar core reader is linked to a database application to identify the price of the item Purchasing using credit card Card reader checks your credit limit A database that stores information about the purchases that you have made Using the library (borrowing and returning) Database that contains the details of the books A database that allows user to find a book based on title, author or subject area Bar code reader that keeps track of the books borrowed and returned Database A database is a collection of logically related data and its description, designed to meet the information needs of an organization It is a large repository of data that can be used simultaneously by many departments and users When we analyze the information needs of an organization, we need to identify entities, attributes and relationships. Entities, attributes and relationships Entity – a distinct object (a person, place, concept, event) Attribute – a property that describes some aspect of the object that we wish to record Relationship – an association between entities Sample library database
Entity – book, student
Attributes – book (title, author, ISBN no, year published) Relationships – author has many books - one book has one ISBN no - a year has many books published Database Management Systems (DBMS) DBMS – a software system that enables users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database It provides the following facilities : Data definition language (DDL) that allows users to define the database Data manipulation language (DML) – that allows user to insert, delete, update and retrieve data from the database (query language). Most common query language is Structured Query Language (SQL) Functions of DBMS
Data storage, retrieval and update
A user-accessible catalog Transaction support Concurrency control services Recovery services Authorization services Support for data communication Integrity services Services to promote data independence Utility services Application programs
It is a computer program that interacts with the
database by issuing an appropriate request (usually an SQL statement) to the DBMS User interacts with a database through a number of application programs that are used to create and maintain the database and to generate information The application programs may be written in a programming language Database Management Systems (DBMS) – major components 5 major components : Hardware PC, mainframe or network of computers Software DBMS software, application programs, operating system, and network software Data Procedures Instructions and rules that govern the design and use of the database People Data and database administrator Database designer Application developer End-user Database Management Systems (DBMS) – Advantages… Control of data redundancy Multiple copies of data are not stored Data consistency If a data is stored only once in the database, any update to its value has to be performed only once and the new value is available to all users More information from the same amount of data With the integration of operational data, other departments also has the knowledge of the stored data from other departments Sharing of data The database belongs to the entire organization and can be shared by all authorized users Database Management Systems (DBMS) – Advantages… Improved data integrity Database integrity refers to the validity and consistency of stored data. Integrity is expressed in terms of constraints which are consistency rules that the database is not permitted to violate. Improved security Database security is the protection of the database from unauthorized users. Security may take the form of username and passwords. Enforcement of standards Integration allows for standards like naming conventions, update procedures and access rules Economy of scale Combining all organization’s operational l data into one database and creating a set of applications that work on this one source of data can result in cost savings. Database Management Systems (DBMS) – Advantages Improved data accessibility and responsiveness Increased productivity Increased concurrency Improved backup and recovery services Database Management Systems (DBMS) – Disadvantages Complexity Size – large software Additional hardware costs Cost of conversion – training of staff and employment of specialist staff Greater impact of a failure – the centralization of resources increases the vulnerability of the system. Because all users and applications rely on the availability of the DBMS, the failure of certain components can bring operations to a halt Quick question : is it a A well-known program package developed in DBMS? Java programming language called EasyData DB, provides all the access methods to various hard disk files. It also provides full transactional support, database recovery and on-line backups. Is EasyData DB a database management system (DBMS) ?
Answer : No because the program does not
includes database queries to store, retrieve, manipulate and access data from the database.