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NOUNS
* are name persons, places, things, or ideas

Kinds:
(1) PROPER NOUNS
- begin with a capital letter
- they have a specific name or title and refer to a
particular person, place, thing, or idea.

(2) COMMON NOUNS

- do not begin with capital letters because they are
less specific
(3) CONCRETE NOUNS
- can be touched

(4) ABSTRACT NOUNS

- cannot be touched
- nonetheless, still nouns because they
name entities
 PRONOUNS
* take the place of a noun

Kinds:
(1) Personal
I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they, and them.

(2)Possessive pronouns are:

my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their,
and theirs.
no apostrophes used with possessive personal pronouns
This includes "its." "Success is its own reward.´
"It's" stands for the contraction that represents "It is." "It's"
is never possessive.
(3) INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
anybody, anyone, each, either, none, someone,
somebody, both, everyone, no one, neither, many,
few, several, and one
Notice that some indefinite pronouns are singular,
some are plural, and some may be used as both
singular and plural.

(4) INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

ask questions: who, whom, what, which, and whose

(5) DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

this, that, these, and those
ADJECTIVES

Modify noun and pronouns

WHAT KIND of noun is it?
WHICH noun is it?
HOW MANY of that noun are there?

"The," "a," and "an" are called articles.

Articles are always adjectives. They always modify
nouns.
_

word that expresses action, makes a statement, or
shows a link between word relationships
can be action or linking
action verbs demonstrate "action."
Linking verbs make statements OR they express
links and relationships
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been, has been,
have been, had been, will be, shall be, may be,
would have been, should have been, can be,
should be, would be (any combination that ENDS
with be or been.) seem, and become

Verbs of the senses: taste, feel, smell, sound,

look, appear, grow, remain, and stay
 _

Modify verbs, adjectives, and another adverb

Adverbs answer these questions:

WHERE? Here, there, away, up
WHEN? Now, then, later, soon, yesterday
HOW? Easily, quietly, slowly, quickly
HOW OFTEN? Never, always, often, seldom
TO WHAT EXTENT? Very, almost, too, so, really

 m 
show relationships between nouns or
pronouns and other words in a sentence
Commonly used prepositions are: aboard,
about, above, across, after, against, along,
among, around, at, before, behind, below,
beneath, beside, between, beyond, by,
down, during, except, for, from, in, into,
like, of, off, on, over, past, since, through,
throughout, to, toward, under, underneath,
until, up, upon, with, within, and without
TO plus NOUN = PREP PHRASE
³To the gym´

TO plus VERB = INFINITIVE PHRASE

³To sleep´
 m 
words that join words or groups of words

m
m m

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(1) 2
2 
2 
(FANBOYS)
These conjunctions connect words,
phrases, and clauses of equal value of
equal importance

TYPES OF CLAUSES
(2) 

2 
2 
introduce dependent clauses
although, because, as, while, until,
whether, since, after, so that, when,
before, and if.

TYPES OF SENTENCES
ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE
m

m 

exclamatory words that express

strong emotion
have no other grammatical
connection with or relationship to the
rest of the sentence
may be followed by either commas or
exclamation points
Ouch! That hurt!
Oh, what a wonderful movie!
Great! What a terrific idea!
Aha! I've found your secret!
Alas, the poet was no more.
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
A clause that could stand on its own

DEPENDENT CLAUSE
A clause that could not stand alone
as a single sentence
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Composed of one independent
clause

COMPOUND SENTENCE
Composed of two independent
clauses
COMPLEX SENTENCE
Composed of one independent
clause and one or more dependent
clauses

COMPOUND-COMPLEX
SENTENCE
Composed of two independent
clauses and two or more dependent
clauses
EXERCISE:
Identify the part of speech of each underlined word.

When and Where did Fans First Originate?

(1)From (2)historians we learn that the

Chinese used fans as early as 3000 B.C. It
(3)is also known that (4)the rulers of Egypt
were (5)efficiently cooled by (6)palm fans.
Serving an important (7)function in early
(8)religious ceremonies, fans (9)brushed
flies (10)away from sacred vessels.
By 700 A.D., the (11)Japanese invented
(12)folding fans (13)and added bright
colors to (14)them; (15)however, it is the
Portuguese (16)whom we can thank for
introducing fans to Europe (17)in the
1500¶s. So popular were (18)they that
(19)many of the men (20)during the reign
of Louis XV carried them. Artist of the
1800¶s painted on fans, and the (21)works
of great masters grace the folds of some
fans. (22)Alas fans are used (23)today
primarily as (24)wallhangings, seldom as
part (25)of our attire.
PREPOSITION
NOUN
VERB (LINKING)
ADJECTIVE (ARTICLE)
ADVERB
ADJECTIVE (NOUN MODIFIER)
NOUN
ADJECTIVE
VERB (ACTION)
ADVERB
NOUN
ADJECTIVE (NOUN MODIFIER)
CONJUNCTION
PRONOUN
CONJUNCTION
PRONOUN (RELATIVE)
PREPOSITION
PRONOUN
PRONOUN (INDEFINITE)
PREPOSITION
NOUN
INTERJECTION
ADVERB
NOUN
PREPOSITION
THE END