BW Olap Aggregation: Lothar Schubert, BW RIG SAP Labs America, LLC March 2003

BW OLAP
Aggregation
Lothar Schubert, BW RIG
SAP Labs America, LLC
March 2003
Introduction – The Role of the OLAP Engine
Business
Basic Explorer
InfoCube
With Data
InfoProvider Interface
Master Data
OLAP
MultiProvider Engine
ODS Object
No Data
Virtual
InfoCube
InfoSet
SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 2

Overview
KF/CKF Properties and Exception Aggregation

OLAP Processor – Under the Hood
Case Study “Revenue Calculation”
Calculation with “Reference to Characteristic”
Formula Collision
Percentage and Summary Functions

Overview

Formula Collision

Exception Aggregation Settings on KF Level
Example:
Department Headcount Month Headcount
D1 100 1/3/03 160
D2 80 2/3/03 180
Result 180 << SUM Result 170 << AVG, with regards to Month

Exception Aggregation - Counting
CNT: Counting of all values with respect to reference characteristic
Business Scenario: How many different materials does a customer

have "Open Orders" for?
Dr
illd
ow
n

Exception Aggregation - Average
AVG: Average of all values with respect to reference characteristic
Business Scenario: Average "Open Order Qty" per Material
Calculation Steps
Aggregate values
using standard
Dr aggregation
illd
ow
n Aggregate values
using exception
aggregation
Drill-down by Material
explains result
309 = ( 225 + 20 + 630
+ 360) / 4

Exception Aggregation – First & Last Value
FIR, LAS Exception Aggregation (see note 310791)

Should only be used with non-cumulative key figures
Generally use time characteristic as reference characteristic
If being used for cumulative key figures:
Completeness of values with respect to reference characteristic
necessary.
If being used with non time char. as reference characteristic:
Sorting is done ascending according to key (internal presentation)
Plant Posting Date Value

1 06/15/03 25
1 06/16/03 15 Cumulative InfoCube Example:
2 06/15/03 20
Plant Posting Date Value

1 15 << last posted value concerning plant 1 - 6/16
2 20 << last posted value concerning plant 2 - 6/15
Result 15 << last posted value concerning plant 1+2 - 6/16

Key Figure (Selection, Formula) Properties
Note, that the those

calculations always act on
displayed data only

CKF Aggregation Behavior “Assignment”
Complexity “Assignment”, if of type”= KF”

Exception Aggregation Behavior (and reference) can be set freely
Default is setting of underlying Basic KF
PROPERTIES

CKF Aggregation Behavior “Simple”
Complexity “Simple”, if exclusively operands of same aggregation, where

operands can have complexity “Simple” themselves (KF, Constants, CKF)
Before / After Aggregation can be set

CKF Aggregation Behavior “Complex”
Complexity “Complex” applies to all other cases

“Enhance” options are not ready for input (“greyed out”)
Calculation always occurs after aggregation

Overview

Formula Collision

OLAP Initialization
Check Authorizations
Is it ok to execute query?
Is it ok to read data from InfoProvider?
Process Variables
Exit for global variables (before variable input) is processed
Prompt for variable input
Exit for global variables (that failed before input) is processed
Variable values are distributed to fixed filter, hierarchy settings, dynamic
filter, conditions & exceptions, formulas, …
Initialize OLAP Processor
Notify Presentation hierarchies (if used)
Check time stamps for OLAP cache (and release respective Ids)

OLAP Processor in Detail I
1. OLAP request arrives from client

Request for free characteristics
Request for Dynamic filters
2. Include additional characteristics necessary for aggregation /
calculation. For example:
Exception aggregation
Elimination of internal business volume
Formula variables with replacement from attribute value, if used in
restricted key figure (RKF)
3. Check authorization for navigation state (where necessary)
4. Search for Cached data in OLAP Cache
Skip steps 5-14 and go to step 15 if cached data is found

… if OLAP Cache is NOT utilized … OLAP Processor in Detail II
5. Request data from database

6. Receive data from database
Data arrives in blocks up to 1000 rows
Data is still separated by InfoProvider (in case of MultiProvider)
Data is still separated by Aggregate of InfoCube
Data is still separated into cumulative and non-cumulative key figures
7. Call BusinessAdd-In “Virtual Characteristics and Key Figures”
8. Check global filters (if not already done by database)
9. Add attributes values for variables with replacement from attribute
used in RKF
10. Separate data according to RKFs and selections in structure
elements
11. Perform currency translation
12. Process sums and calculated key figures (CKFs)
“before aggregation”
13. Aggregate data to detail level (see 2.)
14. Perform Hierarchy aggregation

OLAP Processor in Detail III
15. Filter and aggregate data (result lines)

16. Perform Elimination of Internal Business Volume (where applicable)
17. Perform Exception aggregation
18. Execute Currency/Unit aggregation
19. Add attributes values for variables with replacement from attribute
used in formulas
20. Calculate formulas and CKFs “after aggregation”
Check Currencies/Units
21. Perform List Operations, e.g.
Sort
Conditions
Local calculations/aggregations
Cumulated values

Overview

Formula Collision

OLAP Engine, w/ Example of Revenue Calculation
InfoCube contains field Quantity

Material Attribute contains field Price
Revenue should be calculated by the OLAP Processor
KH_ATTRIBUTE_REPLACEMENT
Calendar year
Key Figures Quantity, CKF (QU * PR)
KHMAT2
KHMAT2 Quantity CKF (QU * PR)

M1 11.000 PC $ 110.00000 PC
M2 15.000 PC $ 300.00000 PC
Overall Result 26.000 PC $ 410.00000 PC
KH_ATTRIBUTE_REPLACEMENT
Calendar year
Key Figures Quantity, CKF (QU * PR)
KHMAT2
Calendar year Quantity CKF (QU * PR)

2001 12.000 PC $ 190.00000 PC
2002 14.000 PC $ 220.00000 PC

Data Model (1)
Key Figure “Quantity”
InfoCube Definition

Data Model (2)
“Price” Attributes
InfoCube Definition

Data
InfoCube
Material Master

Formula Variable, based on Attribute Value
Crea
te

1. Try: Usage in Formula
Formula Editor
KHMAT2 Quantity 'KHF1' * 'Quantity'

M1 11.000 PC $ 110.00000 PC
M2 15.000 PC $ 300.00000 PC
Overall Result 26.000 PC X
Calendar year Quantity 'KHF1' * 'Quantity'
2001 12.000 PC X
2002 14.000 PC X
Overall Result 26.000 PC X

2. Try: RKF, “Before Aggregation” (1)
Cre Properties
ate
“Price”

2. Try: RKF, “Before Aggregation” (2)
OLAP Processor
Query Definition Explanation
Quantity = AVG, CKF, Before
Material Year Quantity Price

M1 2001 5 10
M1 2001 6 10
M2 2002 7 20
M2 2002

M1 11 20
M2 15 40
Result 26 60
KHMAT2 Quantity KHK1_BEFORE

M1 11.000 PC $ 20.00
M2 15.000 PC $ 40.00
Overall Result 26.000 PC $ 60.00
Calendar year Quantity KHK1_BEFORE

2001 12.000 PC $ 30.00
2002 14.000 PC $ 30.00

3. Try: RKF, “After Aggregation”
OLAP Processor
Explanation
Quantity = SUM, CKF, After

M1 2001 11
M2 2001 15

KHMAT2 Quantity KHK1_AFTER M1 11 10
M2 15 20
M1 11.000 PC $ 10.00 Result 26 30
M2 15.000 PC $ 20.00
Calendar year Quantity KHK1_AFTER

2001 12.000 PC $ 30.00
2002 14.000 PC $ 30.00

4. Try: Formula, using CKF from before
OLAP Processor
Explanation
Quantity = SUM, CKF, After Qu * Pr = Formula
Material Year Quantity Price Qu * Pr

M1 2001 5
M1 2002 6
M2 2001 7
M2 2002 8

M1 11 10
M2 15 20
Result 26 30

M1 11 10 110
KHMAT2 Quantity KHK1_AFTER 'Quantity' * 'KHK1_AFTER' M2 15 20 300
M1 11.000 PC $ 10.00 $ 110.00000 PC Result 26 30 780
M2 15.000 PC $ 20.00 $ 300.00000 PC
Quantity = SUM, CKF, After Qu * Pr = Formula
Overall Result 26.000 PC $ 30.00 $ 780.00000 PC
Calendar year Quantity KHK1_AFTER 'Quantity' * 'KHK1_AFTER'
M1 2001 5
2001 12.000 PC $ 30.00 $ 360.00000 PC
M1 2002 6
2002 14.000 PC $ 30.00 $ 420.00000 PC M2 2001 7
Overall Result 26.000 PC $ 30.00 $ 780.00000 PC M2 2002 8

2001 12 30 360
2002 14 30 420
Result 26 30 780

5. Try: Revenue Calculation within RKF (1)

5. Try: Revenue Calculation within RKF (2)
OLAP Processor
Explanation
Quantity = SUM, CKF, After Qu * Pr = CKF

M1 2001 5
M1 2002 6
M2 2001 7
M2 2002 8

M1 11 10 110
M2 15 20 300
Result 26 30 410
KHMAT2 Quantity CKF (QU * PR)
M1 11.000 PC $ 110.00000 PC
M2 15.000 PC $ 300.00000 PC
Calendar year Quantity CKF (QU * PR)

2001 12.000 PC $ 190.00000 PC
2002 14.000 PC $ 220.00000 PC

Some additional Notes
Be careful when using multiple aggregation types (see example below,

for a mix of “before” and “after”).
‘Allowed’ in CKF:
= KF * Attribute, e.g. = Quantity * Price
= KF / Attribute, e.g. = Quantity / Price
‘Not allowed’ in CKF (i.e. leading potentially to unwanted results):
= Attribute, e.g. = Price
= Attribute / KF e.g. = Price / Quantity
Performance impacts, in case of ‘before aggregation’
All required records have to be read into OLAP processor (and processed individually)
No aggregates cannot be applied
In case of MultiProviders…
Datasets are processed individually per InfoProvider first
In case of Inventory (non cumulative) InfoCubes…
‘Before aggregation’ does not allow formulas with mix of KF types
Always consider calculation already in UpdateRules (see Note 379832)
KHMAT2 Quantity KHK1_BEFORE KHK1_AFTER CKF (QU * PR)
M1 11.000 PC $ 20.00 $ 20.00 $ 110.00000 PC
M2 15.000 PC $ 40.00 $ 40.00 $ 300.00000 PC
Overall Result 26.000 PC $ 60.00 $ 60.00 $ 410.00000 PC
Calendar year Quantity KHK1_BEFORE KHK1_AFTER CKF (QU * PR)

2001 12.000 PC $ 30.00 $ 30.00 $ 190.00000 PC
2002 14.000 PC $ 30.00 $ 30.00 $ 220.00000 PC
Overall Result 26.000 PC $ 60.00 $ 60.00 $ 410.00000 PC

Overview

Formula Collision

Motivation
Mostly, the OLAP first aggregates data and then applies

calculations
Sometimes you would like to change this sequence

(however you do not want to use “before aggregation” for all
characteristics combinations, due to performance reasons)
Example Cube Data: Price per Unit
Here, it would be ok to aggregate first by Material and Month, but

it’s required to perform the calculation prior to aggregation on
Order.

“After Aggregation” would deliver wrong results

Usage of “Reference to Characteristic” (1)

Usage of “Reference to Characteristic” (3)
This attribute is available for every Characteristic (also 2.0b/2.1c)

Also here: Consider performance impacts
Perhaps calculation can already occur in Update Rules.

Overview

Formula Collision

Formula Collision
Quantity Quantity *'Quantity' * 'Quantity'

2001 12.000 PC 12.000 PC 144.00000 PC^2
2002 +14.000 PC 14.000 PC 196.00000 PC^2
Summary 26 PC 26 PC 676.00000 PC^2
Quantity Quantity 'Quantity' * 'Quantity'

2001 12.000 PC 12.000 PC 144.00000 PC^2
2002 14.000 PC 14.000 PC 196.00000 PC^2
Summary 26 PC 26 PC 676.00000 PC^2
Quantity Quantity 'Quantity' * 'Quantity'

2001 12.000 PC 12.000 PC 144.00000 PC^2
2002 14.000 PC 14.000 PC 196.00000 PC^2
Summary 26 PC 26 PC 340.00000 PC^2
Available in case of formulas with multiple structures,

under “Formula Properties”.
Collisions always occur when point and dash calculations or
functions are mixed in competing formulas.
If you do not make a definition, the formula that was set
(defined and saved) last takes priority.

Overview

Formula Collision

Percentage Functions (1)
a%b difference in percentage:

How much does a value deviate from the absolute amount of b: = (a-)/abs(b)?
a%Ab share in percentage:
How large is a share a for the total value b: = a/abs(b)
%CTa share in terms of percentage for the result:
The value of the key figure a is related to the next higher value that is aggregated (the
"subresult" of a with respect to a characteristic is 100%).
GTa share in terms of percentage for the total result:
The value of the key figure a is related to the aggregated value for all characteristics (the
"result" of the entire table for the key figure a is 100%).
%RTa share in terms of percentage for the report result:
The value of the key figure a is related to the aggregated value for all characteristics, for
which the dynamic filter is ignored. If, for example, a free characteristic is restricted by a
filter value, the global result of the key figure a in the displayed table is not 100%. The
aggregation via all filter values results in 100%.

Percentage Functions (2)
KHMAT2
KHMAT2 Calendar year Quantity 'Quantity' % 10 'Quantity' %A 10 %CT 'Quantity' %GT 'Quantity' %RT 'Quantity'
M1 2001 5.000 PC -50.00000 % 50.00000 % 45.45455 % 19.23077 % 19.23077 %
2002 6.000 PC -40.00000 % 60.00000 % 54.54545 % 23.07692 % 23.07692 %
Result 11.000 PC 10.00000 % 110.00000 % 42.30769 % 42.30769 % 42.30769 %
M2 2001 7.000 PC -30.00000 % 70.00000 % 46.66667 % 26.92308 % 26.92308 %
2002 8.000 PC -20.00000 % 80.00000 % 53.33333 % 30.76923 % 30.76923 %
Result 15.000 PC 50.00000 % 150.00000 % 57.69231 % 57.69231 % 57.69231 %
Overall Result 26.000 PC 160.00000 % 260.00000 % 100.00000 % 100.00000 % 100.00000 %
KHMAT2 M1
Calendar year Quantity 'Quantity' % 10 'Quantity' %A 10 %CT 'Quantity' %GT 'Quantity' %RT 'Quantity'
2001 5.000 PC -50.00000 % 50.00000 % 45.45455 % 45.45455 % 19.23077 %
2002 6.000 PC -40.00000 % 60.00000 % 54.54545 % 54.54545 % 23.07692 %
Overall Result 11.000 PC 10.00000 % 110.00000 % 100.00000 % 100.00000 % 42.30769 %
a%b difference in percentage

a%Ab share in percentage
%CTa share in terms of percentage for the result
GTa share in terms of percentage for the total result
%RTa share in terms of percentage for the report result

Summary Functions
SUMGTa
The value of the key figure a is related to the aggregate value via all characteristics.
Aggregation is completed using the deepest-level characteristic.
SUMCTa
The value of the key figure a is related to the next highest aggregate value.
SUMRTa
The value of the key figure a is related to the aggregate value of all characteristics in
which the dynamic filter is ignored.
KHMAT2
KHMAT2 Calendar year Quantity SUMCT 'Quantity' SUMGT 'Quantity' SUMRT 'Quantity'
M1 2001 5.000 PC 11.000 PC 26.000 PC 26.000 PC
2002 6.000 PC 11.000 PC 26.000 PC 26.000 PC
Result 11.000 PC 26.000 PC 26.000 PC 26.000 PC
M2 2001 7.000 PC 15.000 PC 26.000 PC 26.000 PC
2002 8.000 PC 15.000 PC 26.000 PC 26.000 PC
Result 15.000 PC 26.000 PC 26.000 PC 26.000 PC
Overall Result 26.000 PC 26.000 PC 26.000 PC 26.000 PC
KHMAT2 M1
Calendar year Quantity SUMCT 'Quantity' SUMGT 'Quantity' SUMRT 'Quantity'

2001 5.000 PC 11.000 PC 11.000 PC 26.000 PC
2002 6.000 PC 11.000 PC 11.000 PC 26.000 PC
Overall Result 11.000 PC 11.000 PC 11.000 PC 26.000 PC

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BW OLAP

Lothar Schubert, BW RIG

SAP Labs America, LLC

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 2

KF/CKF Properties and Exception Aggregation

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 3

KF/CKF Properties and Exception Aggregation

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 4

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 5

CNT: Counting of all values with respect to reference characteristic

Business Scenario: How many different materials does a customer

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 6

AVG: Average of all values with respect to reference characteristic

Business Scenario: Average "Open Order Qty" per Material

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 7

FIR, LAS Exception Aggregation (see note 310791)

Plant Posting Date Value

Plant Posting Date Value

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 8

Note, that the those

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 9

Complexity “Assignment”, if of type”= KF”

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 10

Complexity “Simple”, if exclusively operands of same aggregation, where

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 11

Complexity “Complex” applies to all other cases

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 12

KF/CKF Properties and Exception Aggregation

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 13

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 14

1. OLAP request arrives from client

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 15

5. Request data from database

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 16

15. Filter and aggregate data (result lines)

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 17

KF/CKF Properties and Exception Aggregation

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 18

InfoCube contains field Quantity

KHMAT2 Quantity CKF (QU * PR)

Calendar year Quantity CKF (QU * PR)

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 19

Key Figure “Quantity”

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 20

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 21

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 22

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 23

KHMAT2 Quantity 'KHF1' * 'Quantity'

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 24

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 25

Material Year Quantity Price

Material Year Quantity Price

KHMAT2 Quantity KHK1_BEFORE

Calendar year Quantity KHK1_BEFORE

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 26

Material Year Quantity Price

Material Year Quantity Price

Calendar year Quantity KHK1_AFTER

SAP AG 2002, Title of Presentation, Speaker Name 27

Material Year Quantity Price Qu * Pr

Material Year Quantity Price Qu * Pr

Material Year Quantity Price Qu * Pr

Quantity Quantity 'Quantity' 'Quantity'