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The Atom Bomb
„ Basic principal:
mass should be inter
convertible with other forms of
energy. This is the basic
principle behind atom bombs
and production of energy .
By Albert Einstein
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The Gadget
„ Trinity (code name) was the first nuclear weapons test
of an atomic bomb. This test was conducted by the United
States Army on July 16, 1945, at a location about 56 km
southeast of Socorro, New Mexico. The weapon's informal
nickname was "The Gadget".
Using the same conceptual design, the Fat Man device was
detonated over Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945. The
Trinity detonation produced an explosive power equivalent
to the explosion of about 20 kilotons of TNT. This date is
usually considered to be the beginning of the Atomic Age.
ey Players
„ M
  

as one of the first
people to show the true
power of radiation by
disintegrating nitrogen
into hydrogen using
radiation. He also
established the nuclear
theory of the atom.
ey Players Continued
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He established the idea
of the first nuclear
weapon, but after the
war he rallied against the
use and testing of
nuclear weapons as did
other scientists who
helped design the atom
bomb.
The Result of His Earlier Relativity work
„ A Nuclear Blast
over Hiroshima
Explosion „ The splitting of atomic nuclei releases
theory in atom enormous energy. hen a single free
neutron strikes the nucleus of an atom
bomb of fissile (radioactive) material like
uranium 235 or plutonium 239, it
usually knocks two or three more
neutrons free. Energy is released when
those neutrons split off from the
nucleus, and the newly released
neutrons strike other uranium 235 (or
plutonium 239) nuclei, splitting them
in the same way, releasing more energy
and more neutrons. This chain
reaction spreads almost
instantaneously. The atomic bomb (A-
bomb) was a weapon of destruction
that used the power released by the
splitting of atomic nuclei.
ëuclear Fission
- Nuclear Fission is the process of
elements being broken up by
neutrons into smaller elements. In
this picture the element uranium
is added with a neutron which
increases its atomic mass. The
element then splits, forming two
new elements(Bariun an Krypton).
235 + n1 ‰ Ba141 + Kr92
92U 0 56 36
+ 30n1 + Q
è
 
  

 

Thermal Heat. Intense thermal heat emitted by the fireball

caused severe burns and loss of eyesight. Thermal burns of bare skin
occurred as far as 3.5 kilometers from ground zero (directly below
the burst point). Most people exposed to thermal rays within 1-
kilometer radius of ground zero died. Tile and glass melted; all
combustible materials were consumed.

wadiation. People exposure within 500 meters of ground zero

was fatal. People exposed at distances of 3 to 5 kilometers later
showed symptoms of aftereffects, including radiation-induced
cancers
 Pictures from Event/Effects
   
   
     
     
   
    
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 §


å
 was the codename of the atomic
bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 by
the United States Army Air Force. It was the first
atomic bomb to be used as a weapon.
I "Little Boy" was 3.0 m in length, 71 cm in diameter and
weighed approximately 4,000 kg. The design used the
gun method to explosively force a hollow sub-critical
mass of uranium-235 and a solid target spike together
into a super-critical mass, initiating a nuclear chain
reaction.
 §


ü This was accomplished by shooting one piece of the
uranium by means of chemical explosives. It
contained 64 kg of uranium, of which less than a
kilogram underwent nuclear fission, and of this mass
only 0.6 g was transformed into energy.
ü In the Little Boy design, the U-235 "bullet" had a
mass of around 39 kg, and it was 17.8 cm long, with a
diameter of 15.9 cm. It was the uranium target spike
was about 26 kg . Both the bullet and the target
consisted of multiple rings stacked together.
§


„ Note that typically the chain reaction takes less than 1
ɑs , during which time the bullet travels only 0.3 mm.
Although the chain reaction is slower. It still happens
in a time so short that the bullet hardly moves in that
time.
¦


„ "¦ 
" is the codename for the atomic bomb that
was detonated over Nagasaki, Japan, by the United
States on August 9, 1945, at 10:47 PM
„ The device was 3.3 m long, 1.5 m in diameter, and of
4,600 kg. In accordance with the name, it was more
than twice as wide as Little Boy, which was dropped
on Hiroshima three days earlier; however, the mass
was only 15% more than that of Little Boy.
„ "Fat Man" was an implosion-type device
using plutonium-240
 ¦
 
„ A subcritical sphere of plutonium was placed in the
center of a hollow sphere of high explosive. Thirty-two
pairs of detonators located on the surface of the high
explosive were fired simultaneously to produce a
powerful inward pressure on the core, squeezing it and
increasing its density, resulting in a supercritical
condition and a nuclear initiation.
„ Because of the presence of the Pu-240 isotope, reactor-
bred plutonium had a much higher rate of
spontaneous neutron emission than was previously
thought, and if a gun-type device was used
¦


„ Nuclear initiator
„ Plutonium core
„ Spherical shock waves
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Mushroom cloud that appeared after the atomic
bomb was dropped over Hiroshima
 

 



 
 
‘emories
„ Einstein felt very guilty for what he caused after he
saw the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
„ He even said DzI made one of the worst mistakes in
my lifeǥ when I signed the letter to President
Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be
made, but there was some justification-the danger
that the Germans would make them.
 By
Chirag Gupta
A 10
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