Database Management System Architecture

DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
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DBMS ARCHITECTURE
• The logical DBMS architecture
• The physical DBMS architecture
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DBMS ARCHITECTURE
gical architecture deals with the way data is stored and presented to users.
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DBMS ARCHITECTURE
cal architecture is concerned with the s/w components that make up a DBM
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Three Level Architecture of DBMS
A major purpose of a database system is to provide
users with an abstract view of the data. That is, the
system hides certain details of how the data is stored
and maintained.
• External or View Level

• Conceptual Level
• Internal or Physical Level
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External
View 1 View 2 View 3
Level
Conceptual
Level
Physical
Level
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continue…
Sales Officer Inventory Controller
View 1 View 2
External Item_Name Item_Name
Level Price Stock
Conceptual
Conceptual Item_Number Character (6)
Item_Name Character(30)
Level Price Numeric(5,2)
Stock Numeric(4)
Physical
Stored_Item Length=50
Physical Item # Type = Byte(6), offset = 0, Index = Ix
Level Name Type = Byte(30), offset = 6
Price Type = Byte(8), offset = 36
Stock Type = Byte(4), offset = 44
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External or View Level
 This level is closest to the users and is concerned with the
way in which the data is viewed by individual users.
Most of the users are not concerned with all the
information contained in the database. Instead they
need only a part of the database relevant to them. The
system provides many views for the same database.
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continue…
• Highest level of abstraction of database.

• Allows to see only the data of interest to them.
• Users – Application programmers or end-users.
• Any no. of external views – external schema.
•
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• It consists of the definition of logical records

and relationships in the external view.
• It also contains the methods for deriving the
objects such as entities, attributes and
relationships in the external view from the
Conceptual View.
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Conceptual Level
This level of abstraction describes what data are actually stored in

the database. It also describes the relationships existing among

data. At this level, the database is described logically in terms of
simple data-structures. The users of this level are not concerned
with how these logical data structures will be implemented at
the physical level, rather they just are concerned about what
information is to be kept in the database.
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Conceptual Level
continue…
• The sum total of DBMS users view.

• Describes what data are actually stored in the
database (ie,all the records and relationships
included in the database).
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Conceptual Level
continue…
• The conceptual view is a representation of the

entire information content of the database in a
form that is some what abstract in comparison
with the way in which the data is physically
stored.
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Conceptual Level
continue…
• The conceptual view is defined by means of the

conceptual schema, which includes the
definition of each of the various types of
conceptual records and the mapping between
the conceptual schema and the internal
schema.
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Internal or Physical Level
• Lowest level of abstraction.
• Describes how the data are physically stored.
• Internal view – internal schema (not only defines the
various types of stored record but also specifies what
indexes exists, how files are represented, etc.)
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Internal or Physical Level
 The internal level is closest to physical storage.
This level is also termed as physical level. It
describes how the data are actually stored on
the storage medium. At this level, complex low-
level data structures are described in detail.
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Data Independence
 The ability to modify a schema definition in one level
without affecting a scheme definition in the next higher
level is called DATA INDEPENDENCE
• Physical Data Independence
• Logical Data Independence
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Physical Data Independence
It refers to the ability to modify the scheme followed at the

physical level without affecting the scheme followed at the

conceptual level.
The application programs remain the same even though the

scheme at the physical level gets modified.

Modifications at the physical level are occasionally necessary in

order to improve performance of the system.
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Logical Data Independence
It refers to the ability to modify the conceptual scheme without

causing any changes in the schemes followed at view levels.

The logical data independence ensures that the application

programs remain the same.

Modifications at the conceptual level are necessary whenever

logical structures of the database get altered because of some

unavoidable reasons.
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Physical & Logical
Data Independence
 It is more difficult to achieve logical data independence
than the physical data independence.
 The reason being that the application programs are
heavily dependent on the logical structure of the database.
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Physical DBMS Architecture
• Describes the software components used to
enter and process data.
• How these s/w components are related and
interconnected.
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DBMS Structure
General users AP Query DBA
Applicatio
System Database
n
Calls Schema
Programs
Object
DML
Code Query DDL
Precompile
Of Processor Compiler
r
Program
Database
Manager
File
Manager
Data Data
Files Dict. 22
DBMS Structure
Applicatio
System Database
n
Calls Schema
Programs
Object
DML
Code Query DDL
Precompile
r
Program
Database
Manager
File
Manager
cation program to normal procedural calls in the host language. It interacts
Data Data
Files Dict. 23
DBMS Structure
Applicatio
System Database
n
Calls Schema
Programs
Object
DML
Code Query DDL
Precompile
r
Program
Database
Manager
File
g metadata tables – which are in a form thatManager
can be used by other componen
Data Data
Files Dict. 24
DBMS Structure
Applicatio
System Database
n
Calls Schema
Programs
Manages
Objectthe allocation of space on disk storage.
DML
Code Query DDL
Precompile
r
Program
Database
Manager
File
Manager
Data Data
Files Dict. 25
DBMS Structure
Applicatio
System Database
n
Calls Schema
Programs
Object
DML
Code Query DDL
Precompile
r
Program
Database
Manager
File
Manager
statements and changing to a form the DBMS can understand. It has two pa
Data Data
Files Dict. 26
DBMS Structure
Applicatio
System Database
n
Calls Schema
Programs
Object
DML
Code Query DDL
Precompile
r
the consistency and
Program integrity of the data as well as its security. It synchroniz
Database
Manager
File
Manager
Data Data
Files Dict. 27
DBMS Structure
Applicatio
System Database
Components
n
Calls Schema
Programs
• Authorization Control
• Object Processor
Command DML
Code Query DDL
• Integrity
Of Checker
Precompile
Processor Compiler
r
• Query Optimizer
Program
• Transaction Manager Database
• Scheduler Manager
• Recovery Manager
• Buffer Manager File
Manager
Data Data
Files Dict. 28
DBMS Structure
Applicatio
System Database
Components
n
Calls Schema
Programs
Command DML
Code Query DDL
• Integrity
Of Checker
Precompile
Processor Compiler
r
• Query Optimizer
Program
Manager
ecks that the user has necessary authorization to carry out the required func
Data Data
Files Dict. 29
DBMS Structure
Applicatio
System Database
Components
n
Calls Schema
Programs
Command DML
Code Query DDL
• Integrity
Of Checker
Precompile
Processor Compiler
r
• Query Optimizer
Program
Manager
Converts commands to a logical sequence of steps.
Data Data
Files Dict. 30
DBMS Structure
Applicatio
System Database
Components
n
Calls Schema
Programs
Command DML
Code Query DDL
• Integrity
Of Checker
Precompile
Processor Compiler
r
• Query Optimizer
Program
Manager
e requested operation satisfies all necessary integrity constraints such as key
Data Data
Files Dict. 31
DBMS Structure
Applicatio
System Database
Components
n
Calls Schema
Programs
Command DML
Code Query DDL
• Integrity
Of Checker
Precompile
Processor Compiler
r
• Query Optimizer
Program
Manager
he best and most efficient way to executing the query. Factors – CPU time, d
Data Data
Files Dict. 32
DBMS Structure
Applicatio
System Database
Components
n
Calls Schema
Programs
Command DML
Code Query DDL
• Integrity
Of Checker
Precompile
Processor Compiler
r
• Query Optimizer
Program
Manager
The transaction manager maintains tables of authorization concurrency.
Data Data
Files Dict. 33
DBMS Structure
Applicatio
System Database
Components
n
Calls Schema
Programs
Command DML
Code Query DDL
• Integrity
Of Checker
Precompile
Processor Compiler
r
• Query Optimizer
Program
Manager
It controls the relative order in which transaction operations are executed
Data Data
Files Dict. 34
DBMS Structure
Applicatio
System Database
Components
n
Calls Schema
Programs
Command DML
Code Query DDL
• Integrity
Of Checker
Precompile
Processor Compiler
r
• Query Optimizer
Program
Manager
remains in a consistent state in the presence of failures. Responsible for tra

Data Data
Files Dict. 35
DBMS Structure
Applicatio
System Database
Components
n
Calls Schema
Programs
Object Processor
• Command DML
Code Query DDL
• Integrity
Of Checker Precompile
Processor Compiler
r
• Query Optimizer
Program
• Transaction
sponsible Manager
for the transfer of data between main
Databasememory and secondary stora
Manager
Data Data
Files Dict. 36
Questions ?
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Database Management System Architecture

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Database Management System Architecture

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DATABASE

• The logical DBMS architecture

• The physical DBMS architecture

• The logical DBMS architecture

• The logical DBMS architecture

• External or View Level

• Highest level of abstraction of database.

• It consists of the definition of logical records

the database. It also describes the relationships existing among

• The sum total of DBMS users view.

• The conceptual view is a representation of the

• The conceptual view is defined by means of the

physical level without affecting the scheme followed at the

scheme at the physical level gets modified.

order to improve performance of the system.

causing any changes in the schemes followed at view levels.

programs remain the same.

logical structures of the database get altered because of some

remains in a consistent state in the presence of failures. Responsible for tra

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