Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials
Science
You will learn about:
• material structure
• how structure dictates properties
• how processing can change structure
This course will help you to:
• choose the right material for a particular application
• realize new design opportunities
Chapter 1 - 1
LECTURES
Instructor: Dr. Mehr Nigar
Grading Policy:
• Assignments 20-30%
• Mid-Term Exam* 30-40%
• End-Semester Exam 40-50%
Chapter 1 - 2
COURSE MATERIALS
Required text:
• Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction
W.D. Callister, Jr., 7th edition, John Wiley and Sons,
Inc. (2007).
Reference Materials:
• Engineering Materials I, Ashby and Jones,
Butterworth-Heinemann.
• Engineering Materials II, Ashby and Jones
Butterworth-Heinemann.
• Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering,
William F. Smith, McGraw Hill
Chapter 1 - 3
COURSE WEBSITES
Chapter 1 - 4
LECTURE SCHEDULE
Week Topic Chapter
1,2 General Intro; Atomic Bonding 1,2
3-4 Crystalline Structure; Imperfections 3,4
4-5 Diffusion; Mechanical Properties 5,6
6-7 Strengthening Mechanisms; Failure 7,8
8 Phase Diagrams 9
9-10 Kinetics & Phase Transformations 10
Processing & Applications of Metals 11
11 Struc., Prop., Proc., Applic. of Ceramics 12,13
12-13 Struc., Prop. of Polymers; Composites 15,16
14-15 Corrosion; Elec. & Thermal Prop. 17,18,19*
16 Materials Selection; Econ. & Envir. Issues 22*,23*
Chapter 1 - 6
Chapter 1 - 7
• The Iron Pillar from Delhi
7.3 m tall, with one meter below the ground; the diameter
is 48 centimeters at the foot, tapering to 29 cm at the top,
just below the base of the wonderfully crafted capital; it
weighs approximately 6.5 tones, and was manufactured by
Chapter 1 - 8
forged welding
Example – Hip Implant
• With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.
Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).
• Requirements
– mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility
Chapter 1 - 10
Example – Hip Implant
Femoral
Stem
Adapted from chapter-opening
photograph, Chapter 22, Callister 7e.
Chapter 1 - 12
Types of Materials
• Metals: Metallic bonding free electrons not attracted to any
one particular nucleus
– Strong, ductile
– high thermal & electrical conductivity
– opaque, reflective.
Chapter 1 - 13
Types of Materials
Chapter 1 - 14
Densities of Various Materials
Chapter 1 - 15
ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6 Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 7e.
i
a t %N (Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde,
5 2
3.3
Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and
+ C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,
Cu Ni Physics of Solids, 2nd edition,
Resistivity, ρ
t%
4 16 a Ni
(10-8 Ohm-m)
Thermal Conductivity
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.)
300
(W/m-K)
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Adapted from Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 7e.
Fig. 19.4W, Callister (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
6e. (Courtesy of Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Lockheed Aerospace Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
Ceramics Systems, (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
Sunnyvale, CA) 1979, p. 315.)
(Note: "W" denotes fig.
100 µ m is on CD-ROM.) Chapter 1 - 17
MAGNETIC
• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability
--Recording medium vs. Composition:
is magnetized by --Adding 3 atomic % Si
recording head. makes Fe a better
recording medium!
Magnetization
Fe+3%Si
Fe
Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
Fig. 20.23, Callister 7e. A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
(Fig. 20.23 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin, Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.) 1973. Electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Chapter 1 - 18
OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.
polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity
Chapter 1 - 19
DETERIORATIVE
• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows
--causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!
increasing load
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown
Chapter 17, Callister 7e. Boveri Co.)
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and
4µ m
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)
--material:
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)
(d)
600
Hardness (BHN)
30 µ m
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)
400 (b) and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,
(a) and from Fig. 11.14 and associated
4µ m discussion, Callister 7e.
300 Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;
30 µ m
and (d) Fig. 10.21, Callister 7e.
200 30 µ m
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
Chapter 1 - 21
The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
Chapter 1 - 22
Selection Criteria for Beverage
Container
• provide a barrier to the passage of carbon dioxide, which is under pressure
in the container;
• be nontoxic, unreactive with the beverage, and, preferably be recyclable;
• be relatively strong, and capable of surviving a drop from a height of
several feet when containing the beverage;
• be inexpensive and the cost to fabricate the final shape should be relatively
low;
• if optically transparent, retain its optical clarity;
• capable of being produced having different colors and/or able to be
adorned with decorative labels.
Chapter 1 - 23
The Materials Selection Process
Aluminum alloy is relatively strong (but easily
dented), is a very good barrier to the diffusion of
carbon dioxide, is easily recycled, beverages are
cooled rapidly, and labels may be painted onto its
surface, however they are opaque and expensive
to produce.
Chapter 1 - 24
SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Use the right material for the job.
Chapter 1 - 25