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CONSONANT SOUNDS

/b/ as in bat
To make the /b/ sound, lightly press your lips
together. Then exert a steady pressure. This
creates a tone that results from the vibration of
the vocal chords and lips.
The sound is not completed until the lips open
for a puff of breath.
EXAMPLES:

back bean bind bib


bad bear birch knob
badge beast bird rob
batch button burn job
cupboard club dab crab
/d/ as in dog
To make the /d/ sound put the front part of the
tongue at the back of the upper teeth while
slightly opening the jaws.
EXAMPLES:

dab deer dirt hood


dad damp den dot
lead sod speed word
plead heed toad bread
dune dunk dye dust
/f/ as in fan
To make the /f/ sound, place the lower lip
slightly under the upper teeth. When you do
this, the lower lip rises up and the inside of the
lip very lightly touches the outside of the upper
teeth and you make a slight hissing sound.
Do not bite the outside of your lip at all.
The sound is created when breath seeps out
between the edge of the teeth and lower lip.
EXAMPLES:

face beef alphabet


fact brief autograph
feel chief hyphen
flight puff cough
foam leaf trophy
force life laugh
/g/ as in gate
To make the /g/ sound, raise the back part of
the tongue and press it against the front part
of the soft palate.
The rising of the tongue is a sort of bunching
backward.
The vocal cords are vibrating and the throat
muscles exert pressure.
You can feel this by placing your hand against
your throat.
EXAMPLES:

gain gift bag fig


log game gill good
gas gap girl guitar
tag peg keg plug
wag wig zig goose
golf gust gasp gum
/h/ as in hat
To make the /h/ sound, is simply a breath.
EXAMPLES:

hair has heart hoof


hum half halt hope
hut husk hammer home
house how heel his
hit hook hop
/j/ as in jump
To make the /j/ sound is made like the /ch/
sound, with the lips slightly rounded and stuck
out. The teeth are together and the tongue is
pressed against them. The teeth spring apart
and the tongue is so unwilling to remove itself
to let the vibrating breath emerge that we
almost, but not quite, hear the sound of /d/ in
conjunction with the /j/.
EXAMPLES:

jab badge garage


jacket bridge general
jacks dodge courage
jaw ledge orange
/k/ as in kite
To make the /k/ sound is made very much like
the /g/ sound.
The nasal passage is blocked, forcing all of the
breath to emerge through the mouth.
The difference in the /g/ and /k/ sounds is that
the vocal cords do not vibrate when the /k/
sound is made.
EXAMPLES:

kale kangaroo back locket


cab keen keep hook
shack coin kind kiss
jack stock cove king
kilt speck track curve
key kill kitten cape
/l/ as in leaf
With the /l/ sound, the tip of the tongue is
touching the roof of the mouth behind the
teeth but the sides of the tongue are dropped
down and tense.
With /l/, the tongue is very tensed and the air
comes out around its sides.
EXAMPLES:

lab lie bail pail


lace life boil pencil
lack lift bowl pool
lad light camel pretzel
lake line fail seal
NASAL SOUNDS
/m/ as in mop
The /m/ sound is formed by pressing the lips
together lightly and vibrate slightly while the
breath is emerging through the nasal passage.
EXAMPLES:

map match mill beam


made math mind boom
maid meal mine broom
make moan mud farm
morning mush mouth room
/n/ as in nose
The /n/ sound is formed by pressing the
tongue tightly against the upper gum.
This prevents the vibrating breath from
emerging through the mouth.
You should be able to feel the edges of your
tongue touching your teeth when you say /n/.
EXAMPLES:

nab nickel apron gown


nag night balloon green
noon nurse can lemon
napkin north moon pumpkin
/ng/ as in ring
The /ng/ sound is made by raising the back of
the tongue toward the top of the mouth
similar to the production of the /g/ and /k/
sounds.
However, relax the soft palate to allow the air
to flow through the nose.
EXAMPLES:

angry ring bank pink


bang rung brink junk
hang strong think thank
king strangler link sunk
wink strength length young
/p/ as in pig
To make the /p/ sound, close and press the lips
together.
Then quickly open the lips to emit a puff of
breath.
EXAMPLES:

pack pedal cap lamp


pad peel deep cheap
page peg clip soap
pail pencil pop crop
/r/ as in rock
To make the /r/ sound, open the jaw enough
for the tip of the tongue to rise toward the top
of the mouth.
Then immediately drop the tongue tip back
down as if to get ready for the next sound.
EXAMPLES:

rabbit rod bear wrap


race roll car wreath
rattle round guitar wrist
ranch roast hammer wrench
/s/ as in sun
To make the /s/ sound, place the blade of the
tongue near the alveolar ridge. Then force air
through the narrow groove by the tongue.
The breath stream strikes the teeth to produce
this hissing sound.
/s/ as in sun
The s is sounded only as /s/ only if it follows an
unvoiced consonant.
Otherwise, it becomes a /z/ in disguise. When
an /s/ follows a vowel a voiced c or a letter s, it
turn into a /z/.
EXAMPLES:

sack boss ceiling


seen bus advice
sand yes center
sigh pass officer
sink cement bounce
READING THE /S/ SOUND
A Surly Sergeant Socked an Insolent Sailor
Sam, a surly sergeant from Cisco, Texas saw a sailor sit
silently on a small seat reserved for youngsters. He
stayed for several minutes, while tot swarmed
around. Sam asked the sailor to cease and desist but
he sneered in his face. Sam was so incensed he
considered it sufficient incentive to sock the sailor.
The sailor stood there for a second, astonished, and
then strolled away. Sam was perplexed but satisfied
and the tots scampered like ants over the seesaw.
/sh/ as in shark
To make the /sh/ sound, the lips are slightly
rounded and stuck out. The teeth are together
and the tongue is relaxed. The air emerges in a
steady stream. To pronounce correctly, think of
a snake’s tongue and make only a very quick,
sharp little movement. Keep your tongue’s tip
very tense. It darts out between your teeth and
snaps out very quickly.
EXAMPLES:

shack shave ash gush


shade shawl blush lash
shake shadow splash dish
sharp shower fish crush
TEE AITCH
The voiced th
To make the ð sound, place the tip of the
tongue between the teeth. Force the air
through the front of the tongue making a
buzzing noise.
EXAMPLES:
The voiceless th
To make the θ sound, place the tip of the
tongue between the teeth. Force the air
through the front of the tongue without
vibration.
EXAMPLES:
READING THE /th/ SOUND
/v/ as in vase
EXAMPLES:
READING THE /v/ SOUND
/x/ as in excite and example
The letter x can sound either /eks/ or /egz/
depending on the letter that follows it and
where the stress falls.
RULE 1: pronounced /eks/ when followed by a
consonant sound.
RULE 2: pronounced /egz/ when followed by a
vowel sound or silent h.
EXAMPLES:

/eks/
EXAMPLES:

/egz/
SENTENCE DRILL
/w/ as in wagon
EXAMPLES:
/y/ as in yoyo
EXAMPLES:
/z/ as in zebra
EXAMPLES:
READING THE /z/ SOUND
/ch/ as in cheese
EXAMPLES:
THE AMERICAN T
influenced very strongly by intonation and
its position in a word or phrase. It can be a
little tricky if you try to base your
pronunciation on spelling alone.
Top of the Staircase [T is T]
• If the T is at the beginning of a word (or the
top of the staircase), it is a strong, clear T
sound.
table, take, tomorrow, teach, ten, turn
Thomas tried two times.
• With a stressed T and ST, TS, TR, CT, LT and
sometimes NT combinations: They control
the contents.
.
Top of the Staircase [T is T]
• In the past tense, D sounds like T, after
an unvoiced consonant sound — f, k, p, s,
ch, sh, th (but not T).

• picked [pikt], hoped [houpt], raced [rast],


watched [wächt], washed [wäsht]
It took Tim ten times to try the telephone.
Middle of the Staircase [T is D]
 If the T is in the middle of the word,
intonation changes the sound to a soft D.
Letter sounds like [ledder].
Water, daughter, bought a, caught a, lot of,
got a, later, meeting, better
What a good idea. [w'd' güdäi deey']
Put it in a bottle. [pü di di n' bäd'l]

Get a better water [gedda bedder wäder


heater. heeder]
Put all the data in the [püdall the dayd' in the
computer. k'mpyuder]
Patty ought to write a [pædy äd' ride a
better letter. bedder ledder]
[T is Silent]
• T and N are so close in the mouth that the
[t] can disappear.

interview [innerview]
international [innernational]
advantage [ædvæn'j]
percentage [percen'j]
Bottom of the Staircase [T is Held]
• With -tain, -tten and some TN combinations,
the T is held. The "held T" is, strictly
speaking, not really a T at all.
• Remember, [t] and [n] are very close in the
mouth. If you have [n] immediately after [t],
you don't pop the [t]—the tongue is in the
[t] position, but your release the air for the
[n] not the [t].
EXAMPLES:

Written, certain, forgotten, sentence:


He's forgotten the carton of satin mittens.
She's certain that he has written it.
Martin has gotten a kitten.

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