Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Anatomy of the Ear
Ear - organ of hearing and
maintaining equilibrium
3 parts:
external ear
middle ear
inner ear
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external ear
pinna/auricle
external auditory canal
tympanic membrane
middle ear
Eustachian tube
tympanic cavity
inner ear
cochlea
vestibular apparatus
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External Ear
Pinna
framework of a single piece of
cartilage covered with skin
(except for the lobule)
has lateral and medial surfaces
also has ridges and depressions
perichondritis – infection of the
perichondrium of pinna –
extremely painful
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External Auditory Canal
extends from the concha to
the tympanic membrane
24mm long
not a straight tube
2 parts
outer 1/3 cartilaginous
(8mm)
inner 2/3 bony (16mm)
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cartilaginous part
continuation of cartilage from
the pinna
skin coverings - thick, contain
ceruminous and pilosebaceous
glands wax
bony part
no hair/gland
prox aspect - isthmus -
narrowing part
FB/wax may get impacted in
the isthmus
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Tympanic membrane
(‘drumhead’)
forms partition between
EAC and middle ear
oblique in shape
divided into
pars tensa - forms most of the
tympanic membrane
pars flaccida - situated above
the lateral process of malleus
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Middle Ear
also called as tympanic cavity
between external and middle ear
functions
transmits sound wave from external ear to the inner ear
through the chain of ear ossicles
transforms air borne vibration liquid borne vibration
increases intensity of sound by 10x without changing the
frequency
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contents of middle ear
three ossicles (malleus,
incus, stapes)
ligaments of ear ossicles
two muscles (tensor
tympani and stapedius)
vessels
nerve - chorda tympani
and tympanic plexus
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Eustachian Tube
connects nasopharynx to the
tympanic cavity
adult - runs in a oblique line
child - straight line
closed at rest
2 parts
posterolateral 1/3 - bony
anteromedial 2/3 -
fibrocartilaginous
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functions
regulation of middle ear
pressure
protection against reflux of
nasopharyngeal secretions
middle ear clearence of
secretions
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Inner Ear (Labyrinth)
important organ of
hearing and balance
consists of
bony labyrinth
membranous labyrinth
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Bony Labyrinth
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Membranous labyrinth
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Physiology of Hearing and Equilibrium
Divided into
mechanical conduction of
sound (conductive
apparatus)
transduction of
mechanical energy to
electrical impulses
conduction of electrical
impulses to the brain
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sound signal collected by pinna passes through EAC
strikes the tympanic membrane
vibration of tympanic membrane transmitted to stapes
footplate through the chain of ossicles
movement of stapes footplate causes pressure changes
in labyrinthine fluid which moves basilar membrane
thus it stimulates hair cells of organ of Corti acts as
transducer conduct mechanical energy into electrical
impulses travel along auditory nerve to the brain
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Physiology of Equilibrium
Balance of the various parts of the body during static or
dynamic positions are maintained by 4 organs
Vestibular apparatus (inner ear)
Eye
Posterior column of the spinal cord
Cerebellum
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Vestibular Apparatus
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Anatomy of the Nose
Nose
respiratory passage
organ of smell
External nose
pyramidal in shape
osteocartilagenous framework
covered by muscles and skin
upper 1/3 - bony (nasal bone)
lower 2/3 - cartilaginous
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Internal Nose
2 nasal cavities divided by
septum
communicates with the
exterior through the
nostrils and with
nasopharynx through the
choana
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Nasal Septum
3 parts:
Membranous: Medial
crura of alar cartilage
Cartilagenous:
Quadrilateral cartilage
Bony:
Perpendicular plate of
ethmoid
Perpendicular plate of the
vomer
Nasal crest of maxilla
Rostrum of sphenoid
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Little’s area
Caudal part of the nasal
septum which has a rich
submucosal arterial network -
septal branches of
Anterior ethmoidal
Sphenopalatine
Greater palatine
Superior labial
Prone for drying effect of
inspired air and to
microtrauma due to picking of
the nose
Commonest cause and site of
epistaxis in children
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Lateral Wall of Nasal Cavity
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inferior meatus
lowermost turbinates
contains opening of
nasolacrimal duct
middle meatus
rounded by bulge called bullae
ethmoidalis
below the bullae - hiatus
semilunaris leads to
ethmoidal infundibulum
superior meatus
post 3rd of lateral wall
contains opening through post
ethmoidal sinus
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Anatomy of Paranasal Sinuses
Air filled spaces in the facial
bones, lined by mucosa which
drains into the nasal cavity by
muco-ciliary function
Function
air-conditioning
resonance to voice
thermal insulators
lighten skull bone
Two groups
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respiration
natural pathway of
breathing since newborn
air conditioning of
inspired air
acts as an ‘air-
conditioner’
filters and purifies air
adjusts its temperature
and humidity before it
passes onto the lungs
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protection of lower
airway
muco-ciliary mechanism
secretes mucous secretion
inspired bacteria, viruses
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vocal resonance
phonating certain nasal
consonants (M/N/NG)
nasal reflexes
several reflexes which is
initiated in nasal mucosa
smell of food reflex
secretion of saliva and
gastric juice
irritation of nasal mucosa
sneezing
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olfaction (smell)
important for pleasure
and for enjoying the
tastes of food
when nose blocked, food
tastes bland and
unpalatable
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Anatomy of Larynx
larynx - organ of
production of voice
also an air passage
primary function
Protection of tracheo-
bronchial tree
secondary function
Phonation (generation of
sound)
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Framework of the larynx
Hyoid bone
Unpaired cartilages
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Paired cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
corniculate cartilage
cuneiform cartilage
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thyroid cartilage
largest of all
vocal cord attached to middle
of thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
ring shape below thyroid
cartilage
epiglottis
located at the anterior wall of
laryngeal inlet
ant surface connected to the
tongueand hyoid bone
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arytenoid cartilage
pyramidal in shape
base articulates with cricoid
cartilage
has vocal process to give
attachment to vocal cord
corniculate cartilage
articulates with apex of
arytenoid cartilage
cuneiform cartilage
situated infront of corniculate
cartilage
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Vocal cords
two pearly white bands
extending from middle of
thyroid angle to vocal process
of arytenoid
for phonation
abductors - posterior
cricoarytenoid
adductors - lateral
cricoarytenoid, interarytenoid,
thyroarytenoid
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Laryngeal Joints
cricoarytenoid joint
helps by abducting and
adducting vocal cord
cricothyroid joint
between inferior cornu and
thyroid cartilage and at side of
cricoid cartilage
for rotatory and glinding
movement
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Posterior cricoarytenoid
Extrinsic
cricoarytenoid,
interarytenoid,
thyroarytenoid
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acting on laryngeal inlet
thyroepiglottic
interarytenoid
aryepiglottic
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Physiology of Larynx
Function of larynx
protection of lower
airways
phonation
respiration
fixation of the chest
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protection of lower airways
when food is swallowed, air entry into air passage is
prevented by closure of laryngeal opening
respiratory also ceased when food in contact with post
pharyngeal wall
if foreign body came in contact with laryngeal mucosa
cough is commenced to expel/dislodge foreign particle
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phonation
adduction of vocal cord
increase infraglottic air
pressure from lungs
air force of open vocal
cord vibration of vocal
cord produces sound
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Sound Production
A) Vocal cords closed immediately prior to phonation (voice production).
B) Air Pressure develops below vocal cords due to air from lungs during exhalation.
C) Vocal cords separate briefly with the release of air. (1) Arrow points to the upper edge of the vocal cord.
D) Vocal cords re-approximate. (2) Arrow points to the lower edge of vocal cord.
E) Vocal cords together again.
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Thank You
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