Vlsid Nano

Transparent Electronics 1
Transparent Electronics.
Submitted to
 Professor (r) Dr. Khadim Hussain.
 Miss. Jaweria Zartaaj Hashmi.
by
Syed Ammad Hassan Gilani.
2008-MS-APP-PHY-03
Department of Physics, University of
Engineering & Technology, Lahore.
Contents
1) Brief introduction &history.
2) Transparent materials
3) Transparent semiconductors
4) Brief history of transparent
conducting materials
5) Hazards
6) Amorphous oxide semiconductors
7. Some important transparent semi
conductor materials
8. Zinc Oxide
9. 12CaO.7Al2O3
10. references
Transparent conductors
We often think of transparent …and we know that electrical conductors
materials as insulators… are usually non-transparent
Combination of transparency and electrical conductivity is a useful property. It has

been achieved in a small number of materials via doping them with selected
impurities. Transparent conductors find their applications in:
flat screen displays
solar cells and transparent electronics
Why materials are transparent?
1. Ionic materials are usually
transparent because of no free
electrons
2. Hence metals are opaque because
of maximum Electron-Photon
interaction
3. Transparent semiconductor devices
are made at the cost of their
conductivity and durability.
Brief history
 First fully transparent transistor (zinc
oxide transistor);2003
 First zinc tine oxide Transistor;2004, zinc
indium oxide Transistror;2005, zinc indium
oxide Thin Film transparent Transistor
(TTFT)2006.
 First transparent circuit i.e. inverters and
+ve ring oscillator; 2006.
Transparent semiconductors
 Indium gallium oxide
 ZnO (Zinc oxide)
 SnO2
 Zinc Tin oxide
 Zinc Indium oxide
 12CaO.7Al2O3 (C12A7) a cheep and “Green”
transparent conductor.
Hazards
 Transparent semi conducting
materials e.g.SnO2 used today are
non-environmental friendly and
expensive
 So we shall discuss materials those
are Environment Friendly and the
most widely usable now a days
Mostly Used Materials
 ZnO2
 CaO-Al2O3 compounds
Zinc Oxide
(ZnO2)
Out Lines
 General Characteristics
 Basic Properties Related to Electronics
 Zinc Oxide Based Electronic Devices
 Contacts to Zinc Oxide Transistors
 Zinc Oxide Shcotky Transistors
 Quality Factors of Zinc Oxide Transistors
 Zinc oxide Transparent Thin Film Transistor
(TTFT) Characteristic Curves.
Out Lines
 Characteristic curves for Zinc Oxide
transparent thin film transistor (FET)
 Threshold voltage for FET Made of
Zinc Oxide
 Potential Applications
 Devices (Examples)
Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
 Group II-VI semiconductor
 High charge carrier mobility
 Wide band gap(3.3eV) therefore, pure
ZnO is colorless and transparent.]
 Good transparency
 Strong room temperature luminescence
 Advantages associated with a large band
gap include higher breakdown voltages
 lower electronic noise, and high-
temperature and high-power
operation
 Most ZnO has n-type character, even
in the absence of intentional doping
this behavior is thought to be because
it disagree with the law of
stoschiometery
 N-type characters are thought to be
because of hydrogen impurities.
ZnO – Basic (Electrical) Properties
 Direct, wide band gap
 High excitonic binding energy – 60 meV
 Inexpensive growth
 Easily etched
• (acids and alkalis)
 Radiation stability
ZnO – Basic (Electrical) Properties
Property Value
a0: 0.32495
Lattice parameters at 300 K (nm)
c0: 0.52069
Density (g cm-3) 5.606

Stable phase at 300 K Wurtzite
Melting point (ºC) 1975
Thermal conductivity 0.6, 1-1.2
a0: 6.5  10-6
Linear thermal expansion coefficient
c0: 3.0  10-6
Static dielectric constant 8.656

Refractive index 2.008, 2.029
Energy bandgap (eV) Direct, 3.37
<106
Intrinsic carrier concentration (cm )
-3
max n-type doping: n ~ 1020
max p-type doping: p ~ 1017
Exciton binding energy (meV) 60
Electron effective mass 0.24
Electron Hall mobility, n-type at 300 K (cm 2V-1s-1) 200
Hole effective mass 0.59
Hole Hall mobility, p-type at 300 K (cm2V-1s-1) 5 - 50
ZnO-based electronic
devices
 UV light-emitting diodes
 Optoelectronics
 Transparent thin-film transistors
• Flat panel displays
• Solar cells
 Piezoelectric transducers
 Gas-sensors
 Photonic devices
• High density data storage
Ohmic contacts to n-ZnO
 Ti/Au, Zn/Au, Al/Pt
Schottky Contacts to ZnO

•Schottky Obstacles
•Surface states
•Defects @ surface layer
•Metal/ZnO intermixing
Quality factors
• Tunneling
• Interface layer
• Surface conductivity
• Deep recomb. centers
Zinc oxide Transparent Thin Film Transistor
(TTFT) Characteristic Curves.
Characteristic curves for Zinc Oxide
transparent thin film transistor (FET)
V=Threshold voltage.
Applications
 Logic Integrated Chips
 RAM’s
 ROM’s
 Conducting Wires
 Electrodes
Transparent electrodes
 Zinc oxide, zinc tin oxide and indium
doped zinc oxide electrodes are used
in flat screen LCD’s
 The above electrodes treated and
coated with Graphene make the
electrode flexible i.e. used in
stretchable and foldable devices e.g.
key boards.
56 Patterned ZnO TTFT’s and 24 contact
resistances structures present inside “the red box”
A Computer System with
transparent HDD, RAM, ROM,
Electrodes and Wires
A Transparent
ASCII to 7-
Segment
Converter
with built-in
LCD and
Transparent
Electrodes
12CaO-7Al2O3
compound
(C12A7)
Out Lines
1. Properties
2. Structure of C12A7.
3. Charge trapping and electronic
properties
4. Doping
5. Applications
6. Devices
7. Future Applications
8. Incoming items made of C12A7.
CaO-Al2O3 compound
• n*CaO·m*Al2O3 (CnAm) chemical compositions of
CaO and Al2O3 oxides are known as cements.
They are used to bind bricks and stones.
• It has been recently discovered that 12*CaO·
7*Al2O3 (C12A7), due to its unique structure (see
below), has unusual properties that make it an
important material for electronic and chemical
applications.
• In the following we describe just a few
properties of this novel material.
Properties of
• C12A7 is a good ionic conductor of O2– species. It
can be used to extract extremely chemically active
O– ions.
• “As grown” C12A7 is an insulator. However, it can be

converted to a transparent electronic conductor and
back to an insulator.
• C12A7 can be converted to an electride state, i.e. a

state where electrons serve as anions. C12A7
electride has an extremely low work function of only
0.6 eV.
Structure of C12A7
This cage is a structural element of C12A7
Cage A
Ca(I) (North pole) Ca(I)A
O
Al
O
Ca(I)B
Al
Ca S4
Ca(I) (South pole)

S4 Cage B
Each cage has S4 symmetry Ca(I)B
Two neighbouring cages are connected Relative orientation of two

via a relatively wide opening Transparent Electronics neighbouring cages 36
Structure of C12A7: a lattice of cages
The C12A7 lattice is formed by ~71021 cages per cm3 joined together.
cage X
S4x
S4z
cage Z
S4y
cage Y Transparent Electronics 37
Structure of C12A7: a lattice of positively charged cages
1 molecule = 12CaO · 7Al2O3
1 unit cell = 2 molecules = [Ca24Al28O64]4+ · 2O2–
framework
extra-framework
Lattice: 12 cages per unit cell (framework)

charge per framework cage: + 1/3 |e|
total charge of extra-framework -4 |e|
lattice constant = 11.99 Å
Extra-framework species are (randomly)
distributed over the C12A7 lattice
Cage: 5 Å wide
Charge trapping
Empty cage Cage with an electron
5.61 Å 5.22 Å
e–
Conduction band
Empty cage Conduction band

5.5–6 eV
5.5–6 eV Empty cage
e– level
~4.3 eV
Valence band
Valence band
Charge trapping
2-cage cluster, single electron Many cages, single electron
e–
e–
Conduction band Conduction band
Empty cages
5.5–6 eV 5.5–6 eV
Empty cage e– level
e level
–
~4.3 eV ~4.3 eV
Valence band Valence band

C12A7 loaded with hydrogen shows no
visible changes, i.e. remains a
transparent diamagnetic insulator.
However, after irradiation with the
ultra-violet light, it acquires greenish
colour, becomes conductive, and
shows a paramagnetic signal of
unpaired electrons.
Applications
Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCO)

Transparent transistors
Miniature
Transparent cooling
Electronics device 42
Devices made of C12A7
 U.V. detectors
 Open air transparent U.V. radiation
detectors.
 Unique transistors
 Resistance proportional to temperature.
Durable transparent devices
 C12A7 has very important use in
transparent devices in military applications
 B-52 and Stealth Bomber (invisible to RADAR)
Transparent monitor screen
 In “stealth Bomber” and “B-52” air
crafts wind screens (made of C12A7
and some other additional
transparent semi-
conductors) are also serve as
monitors
Future Applications
 Despite the fact that our community as a whole has
become immune with the wonders of new technology, a
laptop is in fact an amazing machine. Some manufacturers,
like Apple, are hoping that the Tablet form factor will be
the next to catch on but that doesn’t mean laptops are
going anywhere any time soon. So, that leads companies
wondering what the next innovation to the laptop form
factor will be. If Samsung has anything to do about it, it
will be transparent screens.
 The company showed these things off at this past CES and
hope to actually have them for sale within 12 months.
What exactly are the benefits of having a transparent
screen? Who knows, but it looks damn cool.
 05 Feb 10 Samsung coming out with a
transparent screen laptop within a year
Incoming items by different
companies
 transparent screens
 Samsung transparent mobile phone
 Samsung phones transparent
 Samsung’s Transparent OLED Laptop
Coming Soon
 Trans parent screen touch laptop
(popularity is only 1%)
References
 www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/.../osu-mam122804.php (Oregon
State University Research General)
 Nature (Research Publication) by
• Prof. Alexander L. Shluger [Article# Phys. Rev. Lett., 91, 126401,
(2003)]
 Science (Research Publication)
• Matsuishi et al. [Article# 301, 626, (2003)]
 http:\\wikipedia.org\transperancy
 http:\\Wikipedia.org\zinc-oxide
 http:\\Wikipedia.org\zinc-tin-oxide
 http:\\Wikipedia.org\zinc-oxide-doping
 http:\\Samsung. com\news
 http:\\Apple. com
 http:\\fas.org › ... › US Munitions and Weapons Systems
(federation of American Scientists)

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Transparent Electronics 1

Combination of transparency and electrical conductivity is a useful property. It has

Density (g cm-3) 5.606

Static dielectric constant 8.656

Schottky Contacts to ZnO

• “As grown” C12A7 is an insulator. However, it can be

• C12A7 can be converted to an electride state, i.e. a

Ca(I) (South pole)

Two neighbouring cages are connected Relative orientation of two

1 molecule = 12CaO · 7Al2O3

1 unit cell = 2 molecules = [Ca24Al28O64]4+ · 2O2–

Lattice: 12 cages per unit cell (framework)

Empty cage Conduction band

Conduction band Conduction band

Valence band Valence band

Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCO)

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