Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
4 VOC control techniques plus capture discussion 5 PM control techniques 2 Acid gas control techniques 3 NOx control techniques
General description
Gas molecules stick to the surface of a solid Activated carbon often used as it
Has a strong attraction for organics Has a large capacity for adsorption (many pores) Is cheap
3 types fixed bed (most common), moving bed, and fluidized bed Typically appear in pairs one adsorbing while other desorbs Used for control as well as recovery Regenerated via steam, hot gas, or vacuum Work best if molecular weight of compound between 50 and 200
Presence, polarity, and concentration of specific compounds Flow rate Temperature Relative humidity
Performance indicators
Outlet VOC concentration Regeneration cycle timing or bed replacement frequency Total regeneration stream flow or vacuum profile during regeneration cycle Carbon bed activity Bed operating and regeneration temperature
Inlet gas temperature Gas flow rate Inlet VOC concentration Pressure differential Inlet gas moisture content Leaks
General description
Waste gas gets oxidized to water and carbon dioxide Catalyst causes reaction to occur faster and at lower temperatures Saves auxiliary fuel
Catalysts allow lower operation temperatures (~ 650 to 1000F) Catalyst bed generally lasts from 2 to 5 years
Thermal aging, poisoning, and masking are concerns Residence time and mixing are fixed during design Only temperature and oxygen can be controlled after construction
Pollutant concentration Flow rate Operating temperature Excess air Waste stream contaminants
Performance Indicators
Outlet VOC concentration Catalyst bed inlet temperature Catalyst activity Outlet CO concentration Temperature rise across catalyst bed Exhaust gas flow rate
Catalyst bed outlet temperature Fan current Outlet O2 or CO2 concentration Pressure differential across catalyst bed
General description
Used as pretreatment to reduce volumes Used to collect and reuse some solvents
No secondary pollutants from surface type More coolant needed for contact type
Chilled water, brines, and CFCs used as coolants Efficiencies range from 50 to 95 percent
Pollutant dew point Condenser operating pressure Gas and coolant flow rates Tube plugging or fouling
Performance indicators
Outlet VOC concentration Outlet gas temperature Coolant inlet temperature Coolant outlet temperature Exhaust gas flow rate Pressure differential across condenser
Coolant flow rate Pressure differential across coolant refrigeration system Condensate collection rate Inspection for fouling or corrosion
General description
Waste gas turns to carbon dioxide and water Operating temperatures between 800 and 2000F Good combustion requires
Adequate temperature Turbulent mixing of waste gas with oxygen Sufficient time for reactions to occur Enough oxygen to completely combust waste gas
Only temperature and oxygen concentration can be controlled after construction Waste gas has to be heated to autoignition temperature
Common design relies on 0.2 to 2 seconds residence time, 2 to 3 length to diameter ratio, and gas velocity of 10 to 50 feet per second
Waste gas flow rate Waste gas composition and concentration Waste gas temperature Amount of excess air
Performance indicators
Outlet VOC concentration Outlet combustion temperature Outlet CO concentration Exhaust gas flow rate Fan current Outlet O2 or CO2 concentration Inspections
General description
Total efficiency is product of capture and control device efficiencies Two types of systems
Enclosures and local exhausts (hoods) Permanent total (M204) 100% capture efficiency Nontotal or partial must measure capture efficiency
Performance indicators
Enclosures
Face velocity Differential pressure Average face velocity and daily inspections Face velocity Exhaust flow rate in duct near hood Hood static pressure
Exhaust Ventilation
General description
Particles hit wall sides and fall out Often used as precleaners
Component erosion Inlet and outlet plugging Acid gas corrosion Air inleakage
Performance indicators
Opacity Inlet velocity or inlet gas flow rate Pressure differential Inlet temperature
General Description
Charged particles are attracted to plates and removed from exhaust gas Two types
Dry type use mechanical action to clean plates Wet type use water to prequench and to rinse plates
High voltages are required Multiple sections (fields) may be used Efficiencies up to 99% can be obtained
Gas temperature, humidity, flow rate Particle resistivity Fly ash composition Plate length Surface area
Performance indicators
Outlet PM concentration Opacity Secondary corona power (current and voltage) Spark rate Primary power (current and voltage)
Inlet gas temperature Gas flow rate Rapper operation Fields in operation Inlet water flow rate (wet type) Flush water solids content (wet type)
General description
Glaze build up on ionizer or gravel Temperature Ionizer voltage and current Filter bed voltage, current, and temperature Inlet gas temperature
Performance indicators
General description
Particles trapped on filter media, then removed Either interior or exterior filtration systems Up to 99.9% efficiency 4 types of cleaning systems
Shaker (off-line) Reverse air (low pressure, long time, off line) Pulse jet (60 to 120 psi air, on line) Sonic horn (150 to 550 Hz @ 120 to 140 dB, on line)
Filter media
Cleaning system failure Leaks Re-entrainment Damper or discharge equipment malfunction Corrosion
Performance indicators
Outlet PM concentration Bag leak detectors Outlet opacity Pressure differential Inlet temperature Temperature differential
Exhaust gas flow rate Cleaning mechanism operation Fan current Inspections and maintenance
General description
Liquids must contact pollutants and dirty liquids must be removed from exhaust gas Four types
Spray; venturi or orifice; spray rotors; and moving bed or packed towers
Gas and liquid flow rate Condensation of aerosols Poor liquid distribution High dissolved solids content in liquid Nozzle erosion or pluggage Re-entrainment Scaling
Performance indicators
Pressure differential Liquid flow rate Gas flow rate Scrubber outlet gas temperature Makeup / blowdown rates Scrubber liquid solids content (PM)
Scrubber inlet gas and process exhaust gas temperature (PM) Scrubber liquid outlet concentration (Acid gas) Scrubber liquid pH (Acid gas) Neutralizing chemical feed rate (Acid gas) Scrubber liquid specific gravity (Acid gas)
General description
Sorbent reacts with gas to form salts that are removed in a PM control device (fabric filter) Hydrated lime and sodium bicarbonate often used as sorbents
Dry sorbent injection rate Emission stream gas temperature Residence or reaction time Degree of turbulence Other PM control device used factors
Performance indicators
Outlet acid gas concentration Sorbent feed rate Fabric filter inlet temperature Sorbent carrier gas flow rate Sorbent / carrier gas nozzle pressure differential Sorbent specifications
Inlet gas / process exhaust temperatures Exhaust gas flow rate Other PM control device used indicators
General description
Alkali sorbent slurry turns acid gas into PM that is collected by a control device Slurry is usually lime and water
Slurry feed rate Residence or reaction time Emission stream gas temperature Slurry reactor outlet temperature Slurry droplet size Other PM control device used factors
Performance indicators
Outlet acid gas concentration Alkali feed rate to slurry mix tank Water feed rate to slurry mix tank Slurry feed rate and droplet size Spray dryer inlet gas / process exhaust temperature Other PM control device indicators
General description
Ammonia or urea is injected into exhaust streams with plenty of oxygen to reduce nitrogen oxide to nitrogen and oxygen Efficiency ranges from 70 to 90 percent Catalysts made from base and precious metals and zeolites Operating temperatures range from 600 to 1100F
Catalyst activity Masking or poisoning Space velocity (gas flow rate divided by bed volume) Excess ammonia or urea slip
Performance indicators
Outlet nitrogen oxide concentration Ammonia / urea injection rate Catalyst bed inlet temperature Catalyst activity Outlet ammonia / urea concentration Catalyst bed outlet temperature
Inlet gas flow rate Fuel sulfur content Pressure differential across catalyst bed
General description
Low oxygen exhaust gas transforms via catalytic reaction to water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen Catalysts made from noble metals Efficiency ranges from 80 to 90 percent Operating temperatures range from 700 to 1500F
Catalyst activity Masking or poisoning Space velocity (gas flow rate divided by bed volume) Catalyst material
Performance indicators
Outlet nitrogen oxide concentration Catalyst bed inlet temperature Catalyst activity Catalyst bed outlet temperature Inlet gas flow rate Pressure differential across catalyst bed Outlet oxygen concentration
General description
Water or steam injected in combustion zone reduces temperature and nitrogen oxide formation Only thermal nitrogen oxides reduced Reductions range from 60 to 80 percent Water must be atomized
Water quality Quantity of water injected Combustor design Combustor materials Turbine load cycle
Performance indicators
Outlet nitrogen oxide concentration Water to fuel ratio Fuel bound nitrogen concentration