Prokaryotes and Viruses Includes Salmonella and Recent Events (6/10/2011) Modified for Test 1 (6/14/2011)

Microorganisms
y Single-celled organisms that are too small to be seen

without a microscope
y Bacteria are the smallest living organisms y Viruses are smaller but are not alive

The Prokaryotes

y Only two groups y Archaebacteria and Eubacteria y Arose before the eukaryotes

Prokaryotic Characteristics

y No membrane-bound nucleus y Single chromosome y Cell wall in most species y Prokaryotic fission y Metabolic diversity

Prokaryotic Body Plan

pilus

bacterial flagellum

DNA

plasma capsule cell wall membrane

ribosomes in cytoplasm

Bacterial Shapes

coccus

bacillus

spirillum

Archaebacteria

Methanogens Extreme halophiles Extreme thermophiles

Archaebacteria Habitats

Eubacteria
y Includes most familiar bacteria y Have fatty acids in plasma membrane y Most have cell wall; always includes peptidoglycan y Classification based largely on metabolism

Metabolic Diversity

y Photoautotrophs y Chemoautotrophs y Chemoheterotrophs

Bacterial Genes

y Bacteria have a single chromosome



Circular molecule of DNA

y Many bacteria also have plasmids

 

Self-replicating circle of DNA that has a few genes Can be passed from one cell to another

Prokaryotic Fission

Video: E. coli Reproduction

y http://www.college.ucla.edu/webproject/micro7/lec

turenotes/finished/ecolivideo.mov

nicked plasmid in donor cell

conjugation tube to recipient cell

Conjugation

The Normal Flora

y The normal flora of humans is exceedingly complex

and consists of more than 200 species of bacteria. y The mixture of organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora.

A Friendly Bacteria: E. coli

y Commonly inhabits the intestines of y y y y

vertebrates E. coli does not normally infect us Many benefits: vitamin K and the B complex are produced by E. coli prevent colonization by pathogens stimulate the production of cross-reactive antibodies

E. coli strain O157:H7. A Dangerous Form

y This mutant can be transmitted in food or water y Think White Water and the Jack in the Box

hamburger incidents y Both made national news when many people became ill and some died.

Sewage Pollution Indicator

y E. coli in streams, drinking water and surface

waters of all kinds may indicate a problem with sewage and or farm runoff.
y Testing for unusual levels of these organisms is

routinely done by public health officials

y Parks, swimming pools, restaurants etc may be

closed if E. coli is detected

E. coli Photos

EM cells
http://www.bact.wisc.edu/bact330/nfE.coli_colonies.jpeg

Culture plate

Park settles last E. coli suit

Patricia Guthrie - Staff Friday, December 15, 2000 The last of a dozen lawsuits, filed by families of children sickened in a 1998 E. coli outbreak tied to Cobb County's White Water park, has been settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, attorneys said Thursday. The family of Jordan Faith Shook of Cartersville, whose symptoms were among the most severe of the 26 children sickened by E. coli O157:H7, agreed to an out-of-court settlement. The settlement was sealed in court records and will not be disclosed, said Bill Marler, attorney for James and Judy Shook, Jordan's parents

http://www.marlerclark.com/news/whitewater10.htm

Necrotizing fasciitis: "The flesh-eating bacteria"

Streptococcus pyogenes strains (as well as others) rarely cause necrotizing fasciitis These infections are extremely serious Sometimes necessitate amputation or result in severe disfigurement.

Photomicrograph of Streptococcus pyogenes

http://www.cellsalive.net/photos/images/strep1.jpg

Unexpected Consequences
y One weekend in June of 1998 while Cassie Moore

was camping with her three children, she obtained a minor cut on her finger, which she bandaged properly. She also injured the left side of her body participating in sports. Not thinking much of either, she bandaged the cut, and went to bed (Moore, 1999).

isc.edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89

Warning!
y The next two slides are very graphic. They show the

results of necrotizing fasciitis!!

y You dont have to look at them if you are squeamish!

Severe Case

http://www.bact.wisc.edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89

Amputee

EPA finds contaminated drinking water on planes

y WASHINGTON (Reuters) -- A surprising

number of drinking water systems on domestic and foreign commercial aircraft tested this summer by the government did not meet federal standards because they were contaminated with potentially harmful bacteria, regulators said Monday. (Tuesday, September 21, 2004 Posted: 10:46 AM EDT (1446 GMT) )

Microbes in the News

E. coli outbreak alarms Germany as young women sicken (BBC 25 May 2011)
y Germany is alarmed at the scale of an E. coli food

poisoning outbreak which is thought to have killed three people and may have infected hundreds more.
y Salads suspected health conscious women.

E. coli cucumber scare: Spain angry at German claims BBC 31 May 2011
y Spain has expressed anger at links being made

between Spanish cucumbers and a deadly E. coli outbreak. y http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe13605910

Reaction to the cucumber crisis Country Germany Action Consumers told not to eat cucumbers, lettuces and raw tomatoes. 1,150 cases of E.coli confirmed; 14 deaths One death and 36 suspected E. coli infections, linked to travel in northern Germany. Top European cucumber producer - threatens to seek compensation from the European Union for lost vegetables sales Ban on all imports of cucumbers, tomatoes and fresh salad from Spain and Germany pending further notice Some Spanish-grown cucumbers removed from sale Some Spanish-grown cucumbers removed from sale Ban on sale of cucumbers, tomatoes and aubergines imported via Germany Reported to have banned cucumber imports from Spain Halted all cucumber shipments to Germany Testing cucumbers for

Sweden

Spain

Russia

Czech Republic

France

Austria

Belgium Netherlands Denmark

Bacteria-rich hailstones add to 'bioprecipitation' idea (BBC 25 May 2011)

y A study of hailstones has found large numbers of bacteria

at their cores.
y The find lends credence to the "bio-precipitation" idea, which suggests

that bacteria are actively involved in stimulating precipitation. y The bacteria have protein coatings that cause water to freeze at relatively warm temperatures.

Bacteria 'linked' to Parkinson's disease (BBC 22 May 2011)

y The bacteria responsible for stomach ulcers have been

linked to Parkinson's disease, according to researchers in the US.

y Mice infected with Helicobacter pylori went onto develop Parkinson's

like symptoms.Parkinson's disease affects the brain and results in slow

movements and a tremor.
y The researchers believe the bacteria are producing chemicals which are

toxic to the brain.

y Dr. Testerman said this new chemical was almost identical to one found in seeds from the cycad plant, which had been shown to trigger a Parkinson's-like disease among people in Guam.

Salmonella

FOODBORNE ILLNESS

From CBS
y http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7_QPeFYTx8&f

eature=fvsr

Characteristics of Salmonella

y Gram negative y Rod shaped (bacillus) y Non-spore forming y Motile (many flagella) y Enterobacteria (Live in the intestines of many

animals) y Chemoorganotrophs y Salmonella infections are zoonotic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella

Gram Staining
y Laboratory staining protocol developed to help identify bacteria y Two stains are used on heat-fixed (death by heat) smear of a bacterial

culture

y Stain #1 is crystal violet which stains the bacterial cells purple y Stain #2 is usually safrarin which stains the bacterial cells red or pink y Gram + bacteria appear purple under microscope because they retain

the crystal violet dye in their cell walls

y Gram- bacteria appear red or pink under the microscope because they

do not retain the blue dye, but do retain the pink dye Does not work on all types of bacteria

Gram Staining Video

y BEST Gram Staining Video Ever!!! y http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyyY8h1doJk y Second Best y http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQ6C-

gj_UHM&feature=grec_index

Under the Microscope

A Gram stain of mixed Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive cocci) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative bacilli)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining

Salmonella and Disease

y The Salmonella family includes over 2,300 serotypes of

bacteria which are one-celled organisms too small to be seen without a microscope. Two types, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium are the most common in the United States and account for half of all human infections. Strains that cause no symptoms in animals can make people sick, and vice versa. If present in food, it does not usually affect the taste, smell, or appearance of the food. The bacteria live in the intestinal tracts of infected animals and humans.
y http://www.fsis.usda.gov/factsheets/salmonella_questions_&_answers/in

dex.asp

Salmonellosis
y Salmonellosis is an infection with bacteria called Salmonella.

Most persons infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection. The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most persons recover without treatment. However, in some persons, the diarrhea may be so severe that the patient needs to be hospitalized. In these patients, the Salmonella infection may spread from the intestines to the blood stream, and then to other body sites and can cause death unless the person is treated promptly with antibiotics. The elderly, infants, and those with impaired immune systems are more likely to have a severe illness.
losis/

y http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonel

Deaths
y About 142,000 (reported) Americans are

infected each year with Salmonella enteritidis from chicken eggs, and about 30 die.[18] The shell of the egg may be contaminated with salmonella by feces or environment (common), or its interior (yolk) may be contaminated by penetration of the bacteria through the porous shell or from a hen whose infected ovaries contaminate the egg during egg formation (unlikely). y http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella

FDA ties chicken feed to salmonella in egg recall

y WASHINGTON (Reuters) Bacteria found in

chicken feed used at two Iowa farms has been linked to a salmonella outbreak that prompted the recall of more than a half billion contaminated eggs, U.S. regulators said on Thursday.
y By Alina Selyukh Alina Selyukh Thu Aug 26, 5:24 pm ET

So what's happening to the recalled eggs and the fresh ones?

y Eggs from that massive salmonella outbreak could still

end up on a store shelf near you.

CBS News has learned that some of the recalled eggs are being sent to egg processing facilities, along with fresh ones that infected hens are still producing. The eggs will be cooked, pasteurized and used in products like ice cream and mayonnaise. The FDA says it's legal and safety experts insist there's little risk to consumers. y http://ozarksfirst.com/fulltext?nxd_id=316835

Virus
y Noncellular infectious agent y Consists of protein wrapped around a nucleic

acid core y Cannot reproduce itself; can only be reproduced using a host cell

Viral Body Plans

y Genetic material is DNA or

RNA y Coat is protein

Helical virus

Polyhedral virus

Complex virus (bacteriophage)

Enveloped Virus (HIV)

lipid envelope; proteins span the envelope, line its inner surface, spike out above it

viral coat (proteins)

Viral Multiplication - Basic Steps

y Virus attaches to host cell y Whole virus or genetic material enters host y Viral DNA or RNA directs host to make viral genetic

material and protein y Viral nucleic acids and proteins are assembled y New viral particles are released from cell

Lytic Pathway

Lysis

Assembly

Assembly Virus injects genetic material

Production of viral components

Lysogenic Pathway
Latent period extends the cycle Viral DNA becomes part of host chromosome for a time

Stimulus may cause cell to enter lytic pathway

Viral material integrated

Viral material passed on

Video: Virus Reproduction

y http://www.med.sc.edu:85/movies/phageh.mov

Replication of an Enveloped Virus

Transcription of viral genes DNA replication

Translation Proteins

Assembly

Food and Water Borne Viruses

y Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses y Polio y hepatitis A (HA) y Massive virus discovered in water tower

Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses

y small round structured viruses (SRSVs) y strand RNA y single structural protein y viral gastroenteritis y self-limiting, mild, and characterized by nausea,

vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

http://rhino.bocklabs.wisc.edu/virusworld/jysart/norwalk_asv2001.jpg

Disney ship docks with 195 ill

PORT CANAVERAL, Florida (CNN) -- Sunny skies greeted the Disney cruise ship Magic as it docked here early Saturday, carrying 195 sick passengers and crew members. Norwalk virus. (2002)

http://www.cnn.com/2002/TRAVEL/11/30/disney.sick.cruise/

Tower

The largest virus ever discovered has been found in a water-cooling tower in Bradford, England. It was lurking inside single-celled organisms called amoebae, but its discoverers believe that it may also be capable of infecting humans.

http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99993559

Photo from the New Scientist

girth of 400 nanometers (visible with a good light microscope) 900 genes

Polio
y Small water-food borne RNA virus y In about 1% of the infected population, the virus

attacks and kills motor neurons y This results in various degrees of paralysis

http://www.rednova.com/news/stories/2/2003/04/29/story004.html

Polios Effects

http://cha.state.md.us/edcp/html/polio.html

http://www.bret.org.uk/nec2.htm

Hepatitis A (HA) Symptoms

y fatigue y jaundice y abdominal pain y loss of appetite y nausea y diarrhea y fever

Persons at Risk
y Household contacts of infected persons y Sex contacts of infected persons y Persons, especially children, living in areas with

increased rates of hepatitis A during the baseline period from 1987-1997. y Persons traveling to countries where hepatitis A is common y Men who have sex with men y Injecting and non-injecting drug users

Average reported cases of hepatitis A per 100,000 population*, 1987-1997

Red> 20

The HA World

TRANSMISSION
y HAV is found in the stool (feces) of persons with

hepatitis A. y HAV is usually spread from person to person by putting something in the mouth (even though it may look clean) that has been contaminated with the stool of a person with hepatitis A.

Prevention
y Hepatitis A vaccine is the best protection. y Short-term protection against hepatitis A is

available from immune globulin. It can be given before and within 2 weeks after coming in contact with HAV. y Always wash your hands with soap and water after using the bathroom, changing a diaper, and before preparing and eating food.

Vaccination
y Travelers to areas with increased rates of hepatitis

A y Men who have sex with men y Injecting and non-injecting drug users y Persons with clotting-factor disorders (e.g. hemophilia) y Persons with chronic liver disease y Children living in areas with increased rates of hepatitis A during the baseline period from 19871997.

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/a/fact.htm

HA Jaundice and the Viral Particle

http://www.apotheke-im-globus-wachau.de/Service/reise http://www.webcolombia.com/health/hepatitis/sintomas.jpg

Outback chain acquires Chi-Chi's

LOUISVILLE, Ky. (AP) Chi-Chi's, the chain of Mexican restaurants, may have served its last chimichanga. Outback Steakhouse Inc. this week closed on its $42.5 million deal for the rights to 76 restaurants in the Chi-Chi's chain, which was beleaguered by bankruptcy and a hepatitis outbreak.

http://www.washtimes.com/business/20040922-091157-9257r.htm

Dry Air Causes Winter Flu Outbreaks

Discovery News Wed Mar 3, 2010 03:44 AM ET

y Researchers link flu outbreaks with low humidity levels of

winter. y Winters in New York are four times less humid than in summer. In Minnesota, humidity can drop five-fold. y Linking the flu to absolute humidity could help health workers prepare for outbreaks.

Viroids
y Smaller than viruses y Strands or circles of RNA y No protein-coding genes y No protein coat y Cause many plant diseases

PSTV
y Most known viroids cause diseases in plants. y The first viroid was discovered in 1971, by Diener. It's

called the potato spindle tuber virus (PSTV), y Contains a single loop of RNA y Relies wholly on enzymes all ready in the host cell

http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/subcellular.html#Viroids

Vegetable MD Online
y Cornell University Ag School

http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/Images/Potatoes/PotatoViruses/PotatoVirusfs1.jpg

Prions

y Small proteins y Linked to human diseases  Kuru  Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) y Animal diseases  Scrapie in sheep  Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)

BSE (Mad Cow Disease)

There is a disease similar to BSE called CreutzfeldtJacob Disease (CJD) that is found in people.

Warnings Sent to Emory Brain Patients

y ATLANTA Oct. 1, 2004 Emory University

officials sent warning letters to more than 500 surgery patients at the school's medical center after a brain surgery patient tested positive for a fatal disease similar to the human version of mad cow disease. Chances of infection are very low, said Dr. William Bornstein, chief quality officer for Emory Healthcare. "By using modern sterilization, this has never been transmitted," he said.

http://abcnews.go.com/wire/Living/ap20041001_1791.html

y Stop here for Test 1 (6/13/2011)