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Properties of Acids
Change the color of indicators (for example: blue litmus turns to red). React with bases (metallic hydroxides) to form water and a salt.
Properties of Acids
They have a pH of less than 7
They react with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce a salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas How do you know if a chemical is an acid?
It usually starts with Hydrogen. HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, etc. (but not water!)
Properties of Bases
React with acids to form water and a salt. Taste bitter.
Properties of Bases
Feel slippery (dont try this either).
Examples of Bases
Potassium hydroxide, KOH (alkaline batteries) Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 (Milk of Magnesia) Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 (lime; masonry)
Bases have a pH
greater
than 7
2 HCl + Mg(OH)2
MgCl2 + 2 H2O
mixtures
Mixture: substances that are made up by Mixture:
two or more different substances which are mixed together but are not combined chemically. The substances of mixture the identities are retained and are mixed in the form of , solutions, suspensions, and colloids.
Types of mixture
Mixtures can be either homogenous or
heterogeneous. A homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the composition is uniform. Means same throughout
Air is a homogeneous mixture of the gaseous substances nitrogen, oxygen, and smaller amounts of other substances. The nitrogen in air has all the properties that pure nitrogen does because both the pure substance and the mixture contain the same nitrogen molecules. Salt, sugar, and many other substances dissolve in water to form homogeneous mixtures
A heterogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the components can easily be identified, as there are two or more phases present.
Homogeneous Substances
Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions. The major component is called solvent, and the minor components are called solute. If both components in a solution are 50%, the term solute can be assigned to either component.
Types of solution
State of matter in solution
Gas in gas Gas in liquid Liquid in liquid
example
air soda (co2 in water) Gasoline ( mixture of hydrocarbons) Alcohol in water
Sugar or salt in water Dental amalgams (mercury in sliver Alloys such as Brass (copper and zinc) Steel (iron and carbon Mist (water vapour in air
Liquid in gas
suspension
1. mixture of two substances, one of which is finely divided and dispersed in the other. Common suspensions include sand in water, fine soot or dust in air, and droplets of oil in air. 3.
colloid
A colloid is a type of mixture in which one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another. A colloidal system consists of two separate phases: a dispersed phase (or internal phase) and a continuous phase (or dispersion medium). A colloidal system may be solid, liquid, or gaseous.
3 classes of MIXTURES
Solution Colloid
Examples Particle Type Particle Size Scatter Light? (TYNDALL EFFECT) Settle while standing? Separate by filtration?
Suspension
salt water, Soot, fog, Muddy water, air mayonnaise Italian dressing ions, atoms Small Clusters Large Clusters small No No No medium yes No No large yes yes yes
Homogeneus mixtures
Homogeneous mixtures : is a mixture in which the components are evenly distributed among each other. You can t see the component parts. Homo means the same throughout. It has a constant composition throughout. Homogenous mixtures are also called SOLUTIONS
Examples: Salt dissolved in water, sugar dissolved in water, apple juice, tea, copper (II) sulfate solution in water, alloys....
Solutions
Well-mixed (uniform) single phase homogeneous transparent cannot be separated by filter do not separate on standing
heterogeneous mixtures
Heterogeneous mixture : the components are not evenly distributed among each other. An heterogeneous mixture has two or more distinct phases that are usually detectable. This type of mixture does NOT have uniform properties. Heterogeneous mixtures that look like solutions can be distinguished because they scatter light (Tyndall effect). Examples: Sand water, oil and water, milk, sulfur and iron, granite, blood...
Colloids Colloids
non transparent, non uniform, large particles, cloudy (milky) but stable system
Suspensions
A suspension of liquid droplets or fine solid particles in a gas is called an aerosol. In the atmosphere these consist of fine dust and soot particles, and cloud droplets. suspension: system does not stays stable and settle Examples of Suspensions
Mud or muddy water, is where soil, clay, or silt particles are suspended in water. Flour suspended in water, as pictured to the right. Paint Chalk powder suspended in water. Dust particles suspended in air. Algae in water Milk of Magnesia
Colloids
Tyndall effect: You can see the light passes through a colloid or suspension. (particles scatter light.)
Stain removal Most stains are removed by dissolving them with a solvent. The solvent to use depends from two factors: the agent that is causing the stain, and the material that has been stained. Different solvents will dissolve different stains, and the application of some solvents is limited by the fact that they not only dissolve the stain, but also dissolve the material that is stained as well.[1] Another factor in stain removal is the fact that stains can sometimes comprise two separate staining agents, which require separate forms of removal. A machine oil stain could also contain traces of metal, for example.[1] Also of concern is the colour of the material that is stained. Some stain removal agents will not only dissolve the stain, but will dissolve the dye that is used to colour the material.[1] [edit]Solvents These are some of the solvents that can be used for stains, with some examples of the stains that they are capable of removing:[2][3] [edit]Oxidising solvents Household bleach generally removes a stain's colour, without dissolving the stain itself. hydrogen peroxide is also a bleaching agent that can be used to treat stains.[2