GSM Basic Principle

Objective


At the end of this course, you will be able to:

  

Understand GSM system architecture and function State GSM common events Describe basic calling process

Content
   

GSM System Overview Voice transmission process Radio key technology Radio channel

Mobile Telecommunication Technology Evolution

1G Analog 2G Digital 3G IMT-2000

AMPS
Market Driving

GSM CDMA IS95 TDMA IS-136 PDC UMTS WCDMA

Market Driving

TACS NMT Others

CDMA 2000 TDSCDMA

GSM system architecture

MS
MS

(Mobile Station)

BTS

BSS (Base Station System)

BSC
PSTN, ISDN...

MSC

Voicemail Server SM-SC VLR

OMC

NSS
HLR AuC
OMC

(Network Switching Subsystem)

EIR

NMC

OMS(Operations & Maintenance GSM interfaces Management) X.25 links

GSM network entities

MS (Mobile Station)
Mobile Equipment Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

BTS (Base Transceiver Station)

Provide radio channels

BSC (Base Station Controller)

Radio resource management Transcoder

GSM network entities

HLR (Home Location Register)
Database
Subscriber data Subscriber location info.

VLR (Visitor Location Register)

Database
MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number) TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification) Location area code LAC

Subscriber data related to supplementary service

GSM network entities

MSC (Mobile service Switching center)
Circuit switching

AUC (Authenticate Center) :

Authenticate subscriber access

EIR (mobile station Equipment Identity Register) :

Identify terminal equipment

OMC (Operation and Maintenance Center)

Provide MMI to control and monitor system

GSM service area

GSM Service Area PLMN Service Area MSC Service Area
Location Area

Cell

GSM interfaces

G VLR Sm Um Abis A B D C MS BTS BSC MSC E HLR VLR

F EIR MSC

GSM operation band

SYSTEM
Fre en ie - pin - o nin Waeen t and idt pex i tan e Carrier Separation adio C anne

P-GSM 900
890 - 915 M Hz 935 - 960 M Hz ~33 25 M Hz 45 M Hz 200 Hz 125

E-GSM 900
880 - 915 M Hz 925 - 960 M Hz ~33 35 M Hz 45 M Hz 200 Hz 175

GSM 1800
1710 - 1785 M Hz 1805 - 1880 M Hz ~17 75 M Hz 95 M Hz 200 Hz 375

GSM 1900
1850 - 1910 M Hz 1930 - 1990 M Hz ~16 60 M Hz 80 M Hz 200 Hz 300

Absolute radio frequency channel Number AR CN



GSM
 

Fu (n) = + . vn M Fd (n) = Fu(n) + M

01e n e 124

GSM1800
 

Fu (n) = 1710.2 + 0.2v(n 12) M Fd (n) = Fu(n) + M 512 e n e 885

Multiple Access Technology (MAT)



Many subscribers share common telecommunication lines without interference to each other.

MAT

FDMA TDMA

CDMA

GSM

FDMA


FDMA


Identify by frequency

Time

FDMA

Frequency

TDMA


TDMA


Identify by time

Time TDMA

Frequency

CDMA


CDMA


Identify by code

Time CDMA Code

Frequency

Content
   

GSM System Overview Voice transmission process Radio key technology Radio channel

Voice Processing in the GSM System

A/D

Voice coding

Channel coding

Interle aving

Encryption

Burst pulse forming

Modulation

260bit/20ms

456bit/20ms

33.8kbit/s

270kbit/s

D/A

Voice decoding

Channel decoding

Deinterleaving

Decryption

Burst pulse disassemble

Demodulation

Voice encoding
  

RPE LTP (Rule Pulse E citation Long Term Prediction ) 260bit/20ms=13Kbit/s voice block Parameter encoding

Channel coding


Channel coding serves to improve transmission quality and overcome the negative impact of interferences on signals. Commonly used channel coding methods are:
  

Convolution coding Fire coding Parity check coding.

Channel coding
260 bits / 20ms 132 bit (Ib)

50 bit (Ia)

78 bit (Ic)

50

132

4 Protection bits

78

Fire Code 53 bit 189 bit

136 bit

78 bit

CONVOLUTIONAL CODER (1:2)

456 bit

378 bit

Channel Interleving
Message block Interleving After interleving 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Error bits 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Target: Change continuous bit errors into discontinuous bit errors which can be corrected by channel coding

Two stage interleving

Block A
456 bit

Block B
456 bit

Block A+1
456 bit

Block B+1
456 bit

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Odd N+4
57

Even N
1
57

Odd N+6 Odd N+5 Even N+1

57

Even N+2 Odd N+7

57

Even N+3
57

57

57

57

116-bit block

116-bit block

116-bit block

116-bit block

0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1

0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1

0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1

Encryption/Decryption


Encryption is accomplished by e clusive or operation of an encryption sequence (computed by A5 encryption algorithm via key Kc and frame number) and 114 information bits on a normal burst.

Modulation and Demodulation

  

GMSK is a special digital FM modulation mode The modulation rate is 270.833 kilobauds. The Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulation with bit rate four times of frequency offset (67.708 k )is called MSK (Minimum Shift frequency Keying). Gaussian demodulation filter is used to further reduce the modulation spectrum.

The GMSK can be e pressed by a I/Q diagram

Content
   

GSM System Overview Voice transmission process Radio key technology Radio channel

Discontinuous Transmission


DTX

Two aims can be achieved by adopting DTX mode.

 

Lower the total interference level in the air Save transmitter power.

The DTX mode and the normal mode are optional, since the former will slightly lower the transmission quality.

Frequency opping (FH)



Type
 

Baseband Synthesi ed Frequency diversity Interference diversity HSN MAIO

Function
 

Parameters
 

Diversity receiving
The diversity reception technology is usually introduced to the GSM system to receive on several tributaries the signals with little relativity but carrying the same information and then output the signals after they are combined.  In this way, the impact of fading on the stability of receiving signals can be decreased.  Types:

   

Space Diversity Frequency Diversity Time Diversity Polari ation Diversity

Dynamic power control



Target: On the basis of certain service quality

 

Lower the total interference level in the air Save transmitter power

   

Power control command sent by SACCH MS: Dedicated mode Static 6 level, Dynamic 15 level Step: 2dBm

Timing Advance


TA

In the GSM, because TDMA is adopted in the air interface, the MS must employ the TSs allocated to it only, and remain inactive in other TSs. Otherwise, it may affect the MSs using other TSs on the same carrier.
It does not work, Let MS send me By one TA in advance

TA

Time delay

Timing Advance
    

TA

BTS calculate TA Send by SACCH to MS MS Dedicated mode Range: 0-63Bits Distance: 0-35Km

Content
   

GSM System Overview Voice transmission process Radio key technology Radio channel

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Frame0 Frame1
7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1

Frame N
2 3 4 5 6 7

RF

5 6

Channel 0 Channel 1

Channel 7

GSM Frame structure

Physical and logical channel

 

Physical Channels the path used to carry information between an MS and a BTS Logical Channels different information carried on the physical channels

Logical channels
Logical Channels

Control Channels

Traffic Channels

Broadcast Channels

Common Control Channels

Dedicated Control Channels

FCCH SCH BCCH

RACH AGCH PCH

SDCCH SACCH FACCH

Broadcast Channel (BCH)

Hey. Im a GSM xmitter!

GSM?

FCCH

GSM!!! SCH TDMA#

BCCH MCC...MNC...Cl

Okok

Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Hello! You have a call.

PCH downlink only

Hello! I have to set up a call. I need SDCCH.

RACH uplink only

AGCH downlink only

Ok. Use SDCCH.

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

On SDCCH: -call set up signaling -SMS -etc..

SDCCH

SACCH/TCH MS power

On SACCH -SMS -MS power Dont shout at me.

FACCH/TCH handover

Channel Mapping

Item

Configuration
C ull TC al TC al Main CC

Combination
C / CC / CC /T TC / )+ ACC / + ACC /T TC / + ACC / + ACC /T + TC / CC + C + CC + CCC CC +SC +BCC +CCC +SDCC / + SACC /C BCC + CCC SDCC / + SACC /C CC +SC +BCC +CCC + SDCC / + SACC /C + CBC SDCC / +SACC /C +CBC

BCC Combine BC SDCC BCC wi hCBC

SDCC wi hCBC

Structure of 26-Frame Traffic Channel

Structure of 51-Frame Control Channel

51 CC CCC CC CCC F S C F S C C F S C C F S C C F S C C I R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R (a) FCC SDCC / D SDCC / 1 D1 D D D 5 D5 SC D D CC CCC D D A A A1 A5 A A A A I I I I I I A A

A1 A5

A A

A A

I I I I I I

D D

D1 D1

D D

D D

D D

D5 D5

D D

D D

(b) SDCC / ( ,..., ) SACC /C ( ,..., ) CC CCC SDCC / CC CCC SDCC / F S F S D D R R R R C C A A F S F S A A1 C C C C F S F S D D D1 D1 F S F S D D D D F S F S D D A A F S RR F S RR A1 A I I D D

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R (c) FCC SC CCC SDCC / ( ,..., ) SACC /C ( ,..., )

D1 D1

FFCC CC RRAC ASACC /C

SSC CCCC CCC =PC DSDCC Ii le

AGC

RAC