Suppose that there are r ways of doing one thing, s ways of doing another, t ways of doing a third thing,

and so on. Then the total number of ways of doing all things at once is r x s x t x....

Ex. 1.) A car starts from city A and heads toward city C passing through city B. If there are 5 distinct paths between cities A and B and 7 paths between cities B and C, find the total number of paths that the car can take going to the destination. Soln: (no. of paths bet. A & B) x(no. Of paths bet. B & C) =5x7 = 35 paths

2.) A coin is tossed and a die is rolled. What is the total number of outcomes?

Soln: (no. of outcomes in tossing a coin) x (no. of outcomes in rolling a die) =2x6 = 12 outcomes

Definition: let k be a natural number K! = k x (k-1)x(k-2)x...x 2 x1 Where 0! =1

Ex. 1.) 6! =6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 =720

2.) 5 ! =5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x1 = 120

It is the arrangement of objects

Ex. How many arrangements can you make in the letters A, B, C? A,B,C B, A, C C, A, B A,C,B B, C, A C, B, A

If there are N objects such that they will be arranged in a row then the number of such permutation is N!

From our example, we have 3 letters. So the number of arrangements is just 3! = 3 x 2 x 1 =6

In a pictorial, 8 people will be arranged in a row. a.) Find the number of arrangement that can be done. b.) Suppose that two people want to be arranged such that they will be next to each other. How many arrangements can be done? c.) Suppose that two people DO NOT want to be next to each other. Find the no. of such arrangements.

1.) 8! = 40320

2.) (8 1)! = 7! = 5040 3.) 8! 2(7!) = 30240

Suppose that there are N objects to be arranged in a circular manner, then he number of such permutations is (N 1)! Ex. Find the number of arrangements that can be made if 4 people are to be seated in a circular table. Ans. (4 1)! = 3 x 2 x1 = 6

Let N > R. Suppose that there are N objects but you can only take R of such objects at a time. Then the number of such arrangements is N! ____________ (N R)!

PR! N

Ex. In how many ways can you made to sit 5 people if there are 3 chairs?

5! 5 y 4 y 3 y 2! ! ! 60 5P ! 3 5  3 ! 2!

1.) In a car race, what is the total number of finishes that 8 cars will make ruling out the possibility of a tie. 2.) Find the total possible number of car plates (3 letters and 3 numbers) that can be issued in the Philippines. 3.)In a group of 6 people, 4 people are to be chosen to represent the group in a dance contest. Find the number of arrangements.

1.) Using Linear Permutation (8)x(7)x(6)x(5)x(4)x(3)x(2)x(1) =40320 or 8! =40320 2.) Using Fundamental Counting Principle (26)x(26)x(26)x(10)x(10)x(10) =17,576,000 3.) Using PERMUTATION OF N objects taken R at a time

6! ! 360 6 P ! 4 6  4 !

Suppose that in a set with N elements with N1 of a kind, N2 of a kind, ..., and Nk of a kind. Then the number of permutation of the elements in the set is

N! pN ; N , N ,..., N K ! N ! N !...N K !

Ex.1.) Find the number of distinct permutations of letters in the word MISSISSIPPI

11 ! ! P( 11; 1, 4, 4, 2) = 1 4!4!2!
= 34, 650 2.) Suppose that in a library shelf, there are 3 math books, 4 physics books, and 6 biology books, find the number of distinct permutations of all books in that shelf. 13 =60,060 ! P(13; 3, 4, 6) =

3!!! 4 6

It is the selection of objects without regard to order.

Let N>R. Suppose that there are N objects but you can only select R objects at a time. Then the number of such combinations is given by

N N! ! N CR ! R R!N  R !

Ex. A coach is choosing his starting 5 in a basketball game. Find the total number of combinations if there are 10 players in the team. Soln:

10 10! ! 10 C5 ! 5 5!  5 10 !

= 252

2.)A committee of 7 professors is to be chosen from 8 physicists and 6 mathematicians. What is the number of ways of choosing the committee if must be composed of 4 physicists and 3 mathematicians? Soln:
8

C 4 y 6 C3

8 6 y 4 3
= 1400

3.) How many choices do we have if we are going to bet in the Lotto 6/42 draw? Soln:
42

C6

42 6
= 5, 245, 786

4.) A factory manufactures 25 laptops a day of which 12 are defective. Suppose that a dealer is going to test the products by choosing 6 items at a time, in how many ways can he choose them such that a) all are defective? b.) all are not defective? c.) at least one is defective? d.) at most one is defective?

1.) In a bookshelf, there are 2 blue books, 5 red books, and 4 yellow books. a.) Find the number of distinct arrangements b.) Find the number of arrangements if the blue books should be placed together 2.) A 3-digit security code is to be chosen among the following numbers: 2, 3, 4, 5,6, and 8. How many codes can be formed if a.) the numbers can only be used once b.) they must be odd (without repetition)

11! 1.)a.) P(11; 2, 5, 4) = 2!5!4! 11! b.) P(11; 1, 5, 4) = 1!5!4!

2.) a.) 6x5x4 = 120

= 6930 =13, 860

b.) 6x5x2 = 60