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Unit 8034

Culture microorganisms and control microbial growth


By Elysia Butler

Nutritional Requirements
 All

living organisms require nutrients to grow. get their nutrients in the form of chemical elements which exist in nature as either organic or inorganic compounds.

 Microorganisms

Nutrients
 Carbon

Used in the creation of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.  Nitrogen Utilised in amino acids, which make up proteins.  Hydrogen and Oxygen Generally make up the organic compounds that are ingested or absorbed.

Nutrients
 Sulphur

Important with regards to amino acids.  Phosphorus Important with regards to adenosine triphosphate and nucleic acids.  Other elements are also required for the nutrition of microorganisms but in smaller quantities.

Hetero / Auto - trophs


 Heterotrophs

- Obtain the majority of their carbon as organic compounds by either directly absorbing it through the environment or by ingesting other heterotrophs or autotrophs.  Autotrophs -Obtain their carbon source as inorganic elements through the environment.

Chemo / Photo - trophs


 Chemotrophs

Obtain their energy from chemical compounds.  Phototrophs Obtain the majority of their energy from a light source.  Some organisms cant be classified solely as a chemotroph or a phototroph as they have the ability to adapt to the surrounds eg R. rubrum

Selective Media
 Encourage

growth of specific types of microorganisms growth of specific microorganisms used for both of the above

 Inhibits

 Sometimes

purposes.

Differential Media
 Can

grow more than one type of microorganism  Can compare one type to another  Varying appearance of microorganisms on the media  For example one type may react with the media and turn blue while another type may appear purple

Differential Example


To the right is a photograph of different bacterium grown on differential media E. coli - blue E. aerogenes - purple P.aeruginosa - yellow

  

Limiting Microbial Growth Physically


 Microbial

growth can be limited by altering one or all of the following to a level that the organism will not thrive in;  Temperature  pH  Gaseous Atmosphere  Osmotic Pressure

Temperature
 Psychrophiles

organisms that grow best between 15C 20C  Mesophiles organisms that grow best between 25C 40C  Thermophiles organisms that grow best between 25C 40C
Above - Microorganisms can be classified based on the temperature at which they thrive

Gaseous Atmosphere
 Aerobic

Typically require oxygen at levels of 21%  Anaerobic Don t require oxygen  Faculative Can grow both aerobically and anaerobically  Microaerophilic Typically require oxygen at levels of 1 15%
Above - Classification of microorganisms based on gaseous oxygen levels at which the microorganism can grow.

Limiting Microbial Growth Chemically


 Adding

antimicrobial agents to media will inhibit the growth of specific organisms. - Media to which Colistin and Nalidixic acid have been added will inhibit gramgram-negative bacteria growth but promote Gram-positive cocci growth. Gram-

 Example

Iodine
 Kills

bacteria and endospores on human

skin  Presence of organic material decreases effectiveness of iodine to kill endospores  Eliminate organic material to increase rate at which iodine will kill endospores  Mode of action: Damages metabolic compounds

Formaldehyde Gas
 Kills

bacteria and endospores in enclosed areas  Kills vegetative cells quicker  To be effective temperature must be 22C 22  Humidity needs to be approximately 6060-80%  Mode of action: Inactivates nucleic acids and proteins.

Phenolic Compounds
 Bacteriostatic
(Inhibits growth but does not kill)

at low

concentrations  Bactericidal (Kills) at higher concentrations  Mode of action: Damages Cytoplasmic Membrane

Antibiotic Mode of Action


     

Can work by affecting the Peptidoglycan in the Cell Wall Inhibits crosslinks from forming in Peptidoglycan Peptidoglycan loses rigidity Causing cell to absorb water Cell splits and dies Penicillins and Cephalosporins - antibiotics that work by targeting the Cell Wall

Antibiotic mode of action


 Some

antibiotics kill pathogens by affecting the Cytoplasmic Membrane  Alters the permeability of Phospholipids in the Cytoplasmic Membrane  Causes leaking of vital substances from the cell resulting in death  Polymyxins antibiotics that work by targeting the Cytoplasmic Membrane

Limiting Antibiotic Effectiveness


   

Mutant cells that are non-responsive to the nonantibiotic. Wrong type of antibiotic used for the specific pathogen. Cells passing on antibiotic resistance to other cells through genes. Increased use of antibiotics increases the risk of antibiotic resistant pathogens forming.

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