Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to: y Formulate their own definition of research and nursing research y Describe the characteristics of research and the researcher y Explain the importance/purpose of nursing research/ roles of nurses in research y Trace the history of nursing research
B. Importance of research in nursing C. Roles of nurses in research D. Purposes of nursing research E. Evolution/ History of nursing research F. Future directions for nursing research
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
RESEARCH
French word . CERCHIER == To search Prefix re === again Search again & again Examine Carefully
NURSING RESEARCH?
Various definition:
y A systematic search for and validation of knowledge
about issues of importance to the nursing profession (Polit and Hungler, 1999).
y Concerned with knowledge that directly and indirectly
NURSING RESEARCH
A systematic process that validates & refines knowledge and generates new existing knowledge
NURSING RESEARCH
development of knowledge about...
health & promotion of health over the full life span, care of persons with health problems & disabilities, & nursing actions to enhance the ability of individuals to respond effectively to actual or potential problems (ANA, 1981)
3 MAJOR AREAS OF CONCERN IN NURSING RESEARCH: 1. nursing education 2. practice of nursing 3. nursing service
11 Characteristics of Research
1. Directed towards the solution of a problem. 2. Emphasizes the develop-
ment of generalizations, principles and theories that may be helpful in predicting future occurrences.
3. It involves the gathering of new and existing data from new sources or first-hand
information y Research is original work.
4. Analytical.
- Collect data-> Rigorous analysis/interpretation
y critical analysis of all the data used so that there is no error
in their interpretation.
y careful examination of detailed components of the object
5. Requires expertise y Research is done by an expert. y The researcher uses valid and carefully designed procedures, valid data gathering instruments, and valid data. 6. It is empirical. All procedures employed and the data gathered are perceived in the same manner by all observers.
7. Strives to be logical- apply every possible test to validate the procedures being employed <- researcher has confidence in the results. y Research is objective, unbiased, and logical. y All findings and conclusions are logically based on empirical data and no effort is made to alter the results of the research. 8. Honest and characterized by patient & unhurried activities. y Research is patient and unhurried activity. y This to ensure accuracy.
9. Can be replicated. - Reproducibility: Is your experiment/thesis designed flawlessly with clear procedures so that others can test your findings? 10 Requires innovative approaches. - uses or shows new methods, ideas, etc 11. Carefully recorded and reported - to other persons interested in the problem.
y Values Derived in Research y y Critical thinking y Creativity and innovativeness y Intellectual integrity y Patience and perseverance y Widening of perspective y Advancement of moral/social responsibility y Objectivity/adherence to truth y
y Difficulties encountered in Research y y Recognizing problems y Duplication y Indifference to Research y Lack of facilities and materials y Financial difficulties y Lack of adequate and expert research
1. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR- leader of research team 2. RESEARCH ASSISTANT- trained in a specific method of data collection 3. RESEARCH COORDINATOR- helps run the daily operations of the study
4. IDENTIFIER 5. DATA COLLECTOR- MEMBER - collect data from clients for another person s research project 6. EVALUATOR/CRITIC- assesses quality of a scientific research document for publication, securing support funds, fulfillment of university requirements or obtaining permission for oral presentation
7. SUBJECT or PARTICIPANT- a person who has decided to take part in the research by signing a consent form and by providing target information with the aid of appropriate research instruments 8. ADVISER/ CONSULTANT- shares his knowledge to the investigator/researcher/research team and offers guidance in the proper conduct of the study 9. CLIENT / PATIENT ADVOCATE- protects the rights of the healthcare provider s client and speaks on his behalf if he happens to be a subject in a research investigation conducted in a clinical setting.
10. CO-INVESTIGATOR- member of the research team with the responsibility of helping the principal investigator and other member of the team in the proper conduct of the study. 11. USER/CONSUMER OF RESEARCH FINDINGS - Promoter of better quality care of clients by utilizing evidence-based best practice
1. 7 Characteristics of Nurse Researcher 2. Evolution of Nursing Research 3. 6 Purposes of Nursing Research 4. Types of research a. Experimental True experimental, Quasiexperimental, Pre-experimental ( TPQ) b. Non-experimental b.1. Pure or basic research b. 2. Applied research- Descriptive, Developmental, Ex Post Facto, Action, Correlational, Cause and Field, Historical ( DDEACH) 3. Sources of Evidence for Nursing Practice 4. Paradigm for Nursing Research
ASSIGNMENT
1. Trace the Evolution of Nursing Research starting from the time of Florence Nightingale. 2. Place in a short coupon bond ( maximum of 5 pages and of any color) 3. Submit next Monday 4. Criteria of grading= 20 pts. a. Content------------ 10 pts. b. Organization----- 5 pts. c. Creativity----------5 pts
y H- Honesty
----Intellectual honesty==collecting, analyzing and reporting data y Intellectual honesty Researchers are honest in collecting, analyzing, and reporting data
--- long hour of digging up, sorting, rewriting manuscripts until the study becomes an integrated whole
y thurs
P I E C E D 1. P- Prediction provides knowledge to estimate effects of a given situation, or a prevailing condition. Examples: (1) What are the effect of health behaviours like balanced diet, regular exercises, and no smoking on health status and longevity? (2) What are the effects of prolonged bed rest on the hospitalized patient s recovery?
Examples: (1) What factors diminish or increase a patient s stress? (2) How is a patient s stress related to the behaviours of the nursing staff? (3) To what extent stress relates to the patient s cultural backgrounds?
The manipulation of a given situation to produce the desired outcome . Follows prediction of the outcome of a given situation. It provides a barrier to hinder or minimize the effects of a predicted outcome. Prediction and control combined in nursing research may specify psychological and physiological reactions possible to nursing intervention.
Example: Research has shown that the incidence of Down Syndrome in infant increases with the age of the mother. ---We can predict that a woman aged 40 yrs old is at higher risk for bearing a child with Down Syndrome than a women aged 25 years. --- We can partially control the outcome by educating women about the risks and offering amniocentesis to women older than 35 years of age.
Amniocentesis (also referred to as amniotic fluid test or AFT), is a procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections , in which a small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal tissues, is extracted from the amnion or amniotic sac surrounding a developing fetus, and the fetal DNA is examined for genetic abnormalities.
Down syndrome (DS), also called Trisomy 21, is a condition in which extra genetic material causes delays in the way a child develops, both mentally and physically. It affects about 1 in every 800 babies. Normally, at the time of conception a baby inherits genetic information from its parents in the form of 46 chromosomes: 23 from the mother and 23 from the father. In most cases of Down syndrome, a child gets an extra chromosome 21 for a total of 47 chromosomes instead of 46. It's this extra genetic material that causes the physical features and developmental delays associated with DS.
information
WHY a certain phenomenon occurs. Examples: (1) Why do patients in the ICU need to feel safe? or Why is it significant to provide for the psychological needs of patients in the ICU?
SOURCES OF NURSING KNOWLEDGE yCustoms and Traditions yAuthority yTrial and error as means of discovering knowledge/Staff Development and Experience yDisciplined research
handling down knowledge from one generation to another and leads to actions that occur because we ve always done it that way 2. Authority experts or authorities in a given field often provide knowledge for other people.
3. Clinical Experience 4. Trial and error - alternatives are tried successively until a solution to a problem is found 5. Logical Reasoning - Combines experience, intellectual faculties, and formal system of thought.
G - RESEARCH PRIORITIES IN THE FUTURE 1. Promotion of evidence-based practice aim: Provide the best possible care based on the best available research 2. Increased multidisciplinary collaboration 3. Greater focus on outcomes research aim: assessing and document the effectiveness of health care services 4. Use of multiple, confirmatory strategies 5. Expanded dissemination of research findings 6. Increased visibility of nursing research
yII
PARADIGMS OF RESEARCH yA. positivisms yScientific yPost positivism yB. naturalistic/ constructivism yC. participatory/ advocacy yD. pragmatism
The design of a research study begins with the selection of a topic and a paradigm.
PARADIGM
y A diagrammatic representation of a conceptual
framework
making sense of the social world; y to be located in a particular paradigm is to view the world in a particular way.
The significance of paradigms is that they shape how we perceive the world and are reinforced by those around us, the community of practitioners.
paradigm, it allows them to identify their role in the research process, determine the course of any research project and distinguish other perspectives.
merely different ways of looking at society. In that respect, they are to be judged as useful or useless in specific situations only.
is the relationship between the inquirer and the known? Source of Data: Subject or Participant (reciprocity)
inquirer and the known: "epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge and the process by which knowledge is acquired and validated" (Gall, Borg, & Gall, 1996)
reality. What is there that can be known about the form and nature of reality? Single or multiple
beliefs: y Ontology: what kind of being is the human being. y Ontology deals with the question of what is real.
reality. What is there that can be known about the form and nature of reality? Single or multiple
those beliefs: y Ontology: what kind of being is the human being. y Ontology deals with the question of what is real.
y Axiology- values: objectivity vs. Subjectivity: Bias y axiology deals with the issues about value. y Specific assumptions about research include the role
of value in research, how to avoid value from influencing research, and how best to use research products (Baptiste, 2000). y Methodology focuses on how we gain knowledge about the world. How can the inquirer (would-beknower) go about finding out whatever he or she believes can be known?: Data obtained
y Methodology: how do we know the world, or gain
knowledge of it?
ontology
y Norman Blaikie offers a fuller definition,
suggesting that ontological claims are claims and assumptions that are made about the nature of social reality, claims about what exists, what it looks like, what units make it up and how these units interact with each other.
y In short, ontological assumptions are concerned
philosophy, is concerned with the theory of knowledge, especially in regard to its methods, validation and the possible ways of gaining knowledge of social reality, whatever it is understood to be.
Epistemologic How is the inquirer related to those being researched? Inquirer is independent from those being researched; findings are not influenced by the researcher Inquirer interacts with those being researched;
Axiologic What is the role of values in the inquiry? Values & biases are to be held in check; objectivity is sought. Subjectivity and values are inevitable and desirable
ASSUMPTION
POSITIVIST PARADIGM
NATURALISTIC PARADIGM
Ont l ic ( at is t e at re f eality?) Epistemologic How is the inquirer related to those being researched?
Reality is multiple and subjective, mentally constructed by individuals The inquirer interacts with those being researched; findings are the creation of the interactive process
Axiologic Values and What is the role biases are to be of values in the held in check; inquiry?
objectivity is sought.
Inductive processes
Emphasis on discrete, Emphasis on entirety of some specific concepts phenomenon, holistic. Focus on the objective and Focus on the subjective and quantifiable nonquantifiable Verifications of researchers prediction Outsider knowledgeresearcher is external separate Fixed pre-specified design Measured, Quantitative Information;statistical analysis Seeks generalization Focus on the product Narrative information, qualitative analysis Seeks indepth understanding Focus on the product and the process Emerging insights grounded in participant s experiences. Insider knowledge-researcher is internal, part of the process Flexible, emergent design
4 different worldviews
y1. Positivism/Postpositivism y2. Constructivism/ Naturalism y3. Advocacy/Participatory y4. Pragmatism
Quantitative Research - Is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world Qualitative Research - Systematic subjective approach to describe life experiences and give meaning
- Used to describe and promote understanding of
Qualitative y Subjectivity valued y Multiple realities y Discovery, description, and understanding y Interpretive y Whole is greater than the parts y Report rich narrative y Researcher part of the process y Uniqueness
Naming an unknown phenomenon in relation to the nursing practice Example : People with diabetes and hypertension investigation discovering the basic social problems affecting their adherence to health care directives.