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Human parasitology
Human parasitology is the study of those
organisms which parasitise humans. According to the very broad definition of parasitology, parasites should include the viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and metazoa (multi-celled organisms) which infect their host species. However, for historical reasons the first three have been incorporated into the discipline of Microbiology.
Class Lobosea
Medical Protozoology
Class Zoomastigophorea Class Sporozoa Class Ciliophora Class Nematoda Class Trematoda
Human Parasitology
Medical Helminthology
Medical Arthropodology
Class Lobosea
Class Zoomastigophorea
Leishmania sp
Giardia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Class Sporozoa
Plasmodium
spp
Class Ciliophora
Balantidium coli
Class Nematoda
Ascaris lumbricoides
Nematoda
Class Trematoda
Clonorchis
sinensis
Trematoda
Class Cestoda
Taenia
solium
Cestoda
Class Metacanthocephala
Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
Lice Sandflies ,
Fleas
follicle mite
Class Crustacea
Cambaroides Potamon
Class Chilopoda
centipede
4. Terms of Parasitology
Symbiosis
(1)Symbiosis Two different organisms live together and interact, in this association one partner lives in or on another ones body. including 3 types:Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism.
Symbiosis
*(2)Mutualism(
is a permanent association between two different organisms that life apart is impossible, two partners benefit each other, such as termites and flagellates. The mutuals are metabolically dependent on one another; one cannot survive in the absence of the other.
Symbiosis
(3) Commensalism is the association of two different organisms, in which one partner is benefited while the other neither benefited nor injured, such as E. coli and man. (4) Parasitism is the association of two different organisms, in which one partner is benefited while the other is injured, such as Ascaris lumbricoides and man.
Parasite
(5) Parasite In parasitism, it is the benefited partner. It is an animal organism which lives in or on the host in order to obtain nourishment and shelter from the host as well as does harms to the host.
Parasite
endoparasite ectoparasite temporary parasite permanent parasite obligatory parasite facultative parasite accidental parasite opportunistic parasite
Endoparasite
Ectoparasite
Host
(6) Host In parasitism, it supplies parasite with nourishment and shelter, it is injured partner. the the
(7) Carrier A person who harbours parasite has no clinical symptoms, is an important source of infection in epidemiology.
(8) Definitive (final) host harbours adult or sexually reproductive stage of a parasite. (9) Intermediate host harbours larval or asexually reprodctive stage of a parasite, according to priority they are classified into first intermediate host, second intermediate host, third intermediate host.
(10)
Reservoir hosts are the vertebrate hosts which harbour the same species of parasite at same stage as a human host. They are an important source of infection in epidemiology.
Zoonosis
(11) Zoonosis refers to animals diseases which can be transmitted to man. (These animals infected with parasites are called reservoir hosts.)
(12)
Paratenic host or transport host is an abnormal host in which some parasitic larvae can survive but cant develop into adults. If the larvae have a chance to enter their appropriate hosts, they can continue to develop into adults there.
(13) Larva migrans means that the larvae living in their abnormal hosts in which they can not grow into adults but can wander everywhere and cause the local and systemic pathological lesions of the hosts.
Life cycle
(14) Life cycle is the process of a parasites growth, development and reproduction, which proceeds in one or more different hosts depending on the species of parasites. (15)Infective Stage is a stage when a parasite can invade human body and live in it .
Life cycle
(16) Infective Route is the specific entrance through which the parasite invades the human body. (17) Infective Mode means how the parasite invades human body, such as the cercariae of the blood fluke actively penetrate the skin of a swimming man and the infective ascaris eggs are swallowed by man.
Life cycle
(18)
Alternation of Generation: In life cycles of some parasites, there are the regular alternations of sexual and asexual reproductions , this phenomenon is called alternation of generation, such as the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax.
(19) Mechanical Transmission: Arthropods play a role of the transportation of pathogens, which is not indispensable for the disease transmission, such as flies carry typhoid bacilli, ascarid eggs and amoebic cysts.
(20) Biological Transmission: Pathogens have to spend a part of their life cycle in the vector arthropods in which they multiply or develop into the infective stage and then invade the human body under the help of the arthropod, such as Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria.
Evolution of Parasitism
endoparasite ectoparasite temporary parasite permanent parasite obligatory parasite facultative parasite accidental parasite opportunistic parasite
Free living Commensalism Symbiosis Mutualism Parasitism carrier parasite Host Patient
Its intensity and specificity are usually at a lower level than those produced by bacteria and viruses. It refers to Non-sterilizing immunity (Premunition Concomitant immunity ). The host may be protected from superinfection as long as the parasites remain in the body. This situation is known as premunition( ). This may be of great importance in endemic areas in limiting the severity of infection with Plasmodium, Schistosome , hookworms and other parasites.
General Characteristics:
1. Chronic diseases 2. No effective vaccine 3. No practical chemotherapy 4. Affect young 5. Affect underprivileged 6. Vector-borne
food, water, finger direct or indirect contact blood transfusion, injection, intermediate host, insects sucking blood, congenital , touch soil, water, grass