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Calving and Obstetrics

Parameters
 Heifer

1st calving 2 years (24m)= (24m)= 600 kg


Parturition Induction (Flexible) Drugs: PG, Dexamethasone When: Heifers: 275 d (Herd Avg) +1-5 +1 Cows: 277 d (Herd Avg) + 10-12 10Induction rate: up to 10% Stillborn rate: Heifers- 7%, CowsHeifersCows5% Twins: Heifers 1%, Cows 7%

Preparatory Stage
1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

Filling of udder. -udder swollen. -skin stretched tight over udder and teats. Loosening of pelvic ligaments. Swelling and edema of vulva. Vulvar discharge, (thick and clear). Isolation; separates from the herd.

Normal Parturition
  1. 2. 3.

Continuous process 3 stages: Cervical dilatation Fetal expulsion Fetal membrane (placenta) expulsion Dystocia= Any stage slow or abnormal
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Closed cervix

Stage 1: Cervical dilatation


Uterine muscle contractions (every 15 min) Fetus enters birth canal Few signs: vaginal discharge, colic, restlessness, up and down. Length: 2-6 hours. Longer in heifers.
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Uterine Contractions
 Increase

in strength and frequency.

Cause pain and restlessness in cow. Result in softening and dilatation of cervix. As nose and feet of fetus enter cervix, it is pushed into cervix causing further dilatation.

Dilatory Stage: 2-12 hours


What Are the Influencing Factors?  Age of cow.  Relative size of the fetus. Position of the fetus.

Environmental factors.
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End of Dilatory Stage




Start to see abdominal pushing.

Allantoic sac passes through the cervix, (sometimes visible at the vulva). (contains large amount of urine from the fetus).

Sac ruptures; water pours out. Temporary cessation in contractions. Passage to Expulsion Stage. >>>>> Stage
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Stage 2: Fetal expulsion


 Abdominal

press (every 1-3 min)  Chorioallantoic (Water) sac ruptures (Water  Amniotic sac and legs appear in vulva  Normal length 2-4 hours  Heifers: longer  Progressive process  Stage 3 placenta expulsion in 8-12 hrs

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 During

birth process, the calf is stretching and moving into the correct position.

Dead

fetuses have a higher risk of problems.

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The Amnionic Sac

Appears at the vulva with head/feet visible inside.

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Uterine and abdominal contractions intensify.


After

nose and hooves appear, the head is birthed.


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 Once

the head is birthed the rest of the body is passed relatively quickly. umbilical cord tears when the calf calfs hips pass the cows pelvic cow canal.

 The

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Causes of Difficult Calving


Dam
Small size Hypocalcaemia Undilated cervix Insufficient strength of contractions Flaws in pelvis, cervix, vagina, or vulva Uterine torsion

Calf (fetus) Normal calf Oversize, (80%) Twins Presentation


Position, (very rare) Posture Abnormal calf Monster Dead calf
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Gui

li

f rI t r

ti

Interrupted or slow progress= pathology.

1st stage > 6 hours and not pushing. nd


2

stage > 2-3 hours without progress.

Sac or legs at vulva for 2 hours.

Fetus can only live 10-12 hours in 2nd 10stage!

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Guides for Intervention (Continued)

 When the cow has Milk Fever or any


other disease which requires treatment.

When something other than either the head


and two forelegs or the two rear legs are visible outside the vulva.

If more than six hours, (maximum), have


elapsed from when the water bag breaks.

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Calving Pens

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Examination and Intervention


 Clean

vulva, (soap, disinfectant).  Use proper hygiene: Clean hands.  Lubrication: Oil base or water base?  Tail to side, (tied to cow).  Vital signs: Live or dead?
Feet withdrawal, mouth and tongue Eye, anal sphincter, heartbeat, naval pulse.
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Terminology
 Presentation:

Anterior/ Posterior  Position: Dorsal/ Ventral  Posture - malposture


 Difficult

calving (1-5 Score) (1  Assisted / Vet assisted

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Anterior presentation
Two front legs and head.

Posterior
presentation
Two rear legs and tail.

(90%) 90%)

(10%) 10%)

Normal position and posture.


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Limb identification

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Can the Calf Exit Vaginally?


Cow Standing; Anterior Presentation. (With one person pulling the calf) a. The calfs head easily enters the pelvic calf canal with room for one hand between the head and the pelvic roof. b. The calfs shoulders can come to 10 cm calf in front of the pelvic entrance.  Cow Recumbant; Anterior Presentation. a. The calfs shoulders can come to 5cm in calf front of the pelvic entrance.


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Comparison of fetal size and birth canal

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Recumbent; 5cm Pelvic Canal

Standing; 10 cm

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Posterior Presentation
 If

the fetlock, (meta-tarsus), can be (metapulled a hands breadth beyond the hand vulva with two helpers pulling, the calf can be delivered vaginally.

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Oversized Fetus
 Alternate

traction to the forelimbs  Head-snare for axial traction Head-

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Oversized Fetus
Alternate traction to the hindlimbs

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Hip Lock
 The

calf calfs hips can get stuck in the pelvic canal. This can cause damage of the Obturator nerve and paralysis. some cases the calf can be rotated 90 degrees to gain more room.

 In

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Standing or Recumbant?
 From

the perspective of the cow and calf, it is preferable to perform the calving with the cow in the recumbent position. position.
The uterus is in a better position in relation to the entrance of the pelvic canal. The calf is pushed deeper into the pelvic canal.
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Standing or Recumbent?
Recumbent position contd:
 The

cow doesnt move. doesn

The cow doesnt fall. doesn The cows pushing is more effective. cow The iliosacral joint can move
much easier creating in effect a larger pelvic canal.
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Movement of the Iliosacral Joint and its Importance in Calving

Lumbar Vertebrae Tail Vertebrae

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Attaching Ropes or Chains

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We have measured, laid the cow down, cleaned, lubricated, attached ropes. What now? Anterior Presentation 
Step One: Pull in direction of the udder, (to avoid vaginal tears), until the shoulders pass and the head is out. Step Two: Rotate the calf 90 degrees, (back toward the ground), if there is hiphip-lock. Switch the ropes and pull straight ahead. -Pull only during the cows contractions. cow
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Posterior Presentation
 

Delivery takes longer. Increase in mortality rate. a. The fetus cant align itself as well. can b. The cervix doesnt dilate as effectively. doesn -Rear legs dont work as well. don -Weaker contractions. -Decreased oxytocin secretion. c. Greater likelihood of umbilical cord rupturing before the calf can breathe. Important to move quickly!

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How Hard Should You Pull? Calf Puller?




If the measurements are correct and the cow is recumbent, you dont need more don strength than two strong adults.

The

puller has the ability to pull with the strength of seven people.

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Calf Puller: Advantages vs. Disadvantages




Disadvantages
You cant feel the power that is being can exerted. It is harder to rotate the calf. You are limited in pulling direction.

Advantages
You dont need to wake your neighbor. don You have control over the situation. +You shouldnt use the puller as a diagnostic shouldn tool.
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Calving That Requires ReRepositioning of the Calf


 The

head, neck, and/or legs are not in a normal position in relation to the body.

Should be performed with cow standing, if possible. has Milk Fever, treat first with If the cow calcium. You can push the calf inside in order to create more room to work. Once the re-positioning is complete, assist the recow according to all the rules already covered.

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Dystocia due to hypocalcaemia Calf in posterior presentation

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Difficult Postures

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Carpal Position

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Shoulder Position

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Hock Flexion

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Hock Position

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Lateral Deviation of the Head

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Lateral Deviation of the Head

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Breech Position

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Fetal Mutation in Breech Presentation

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Vertex Posture

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Twins

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Twins

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Tocolytics

Isoxuprine 1% 10-20 ml IV, IM

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Epidural anesthesia

2% Procaine 2% Lignocain

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Placental Separation

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MonsterMonster- Schistosoma reflexus

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Fetotomy

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Hydrops Hydrallantois
Normal Uterus

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Uterine torsion

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A cow with 360 degrees torsion


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Thank you for your attention!

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