4: The Human Body

Cognitive Objectives
1-4.1 Identify and locate on the body the following topographic terms: medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, midline, right and left, midclavicular, bilateral, and midaxillary. 1-4.2 Describe anatomy and functions of the following major body systems: respiratory, circulatory, musculoskeletal, nervous, and endocrine. There are no affective or psychomotor objectives for this chapter.

The Planes of the Body

Anterior Posterior Midline Midclavicular line Midaxillary

Directional Terms
Right and left Superior and inferior Lateral and medial Proximal and distal Superficial and deep Ventral and dorsal Palmer and planter Apices and bilateral

Movement Terms

Anatomic Positions (1 of 2)
Prone

Supine

Anatomic Positions (2 of 2)
Shock position Trendelenburgs position Fowlers position

The Skeletal System

Gives form to the body Protects vital organs Consists of 206 bones Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles Designed to permit motion of the body

The Skull

The Neck

The Spinal Column

The Thorax

The Abdomen
The abdomen is the second major body cavity. It contains the major organs of digestion and excretion.

(1 of 2)

The Abdomen

(2 of 2)

The Pelvis

The Lower Extremity

Hip Thigh Knee Leg Ankle Foot

The Upper Extremity

Shoulder girdle Arm Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand

Joints

Functions of the Musculoskeletal System

Gives the body shape Protects internal organs Provides for movement Consists of more than 600 muscles

Types of Muscle (1 of 2)
Skeletal (voluntary) muscle Attached to the bones of the body Smooth (involuntary) muscle Carries out the automatic muscular functions of the body

Types of Muscle (2 of 2)
Cardiac muscle Involuntary muscle Has own blood supply and electrical system Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods

The Respiratory System

Diaphragm
Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles Dome-shaped muscle Divides thorax from abdomen Contracts during inhalation Relaxes during exhalation

Breathing Process: Inhalation

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. Pressure in the lungs decreases. Air travels to the lungs.

Breathing Process: Exhalation

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease. Pressure in the lungs increases. Air flows out of the lungs.

Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration. Oxygen diffuses into the blood. The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen.

Control of Breathing
Brain stem controls breathing. Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high Hypoxic drive is a backup system. Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing

Normal Breathing Characteristics

Normal rate and depth Regular rhythm Good breath sounds in both lungs Regular rise and fall movements in the chest Easy, not labored

Normal Breathing Rates

Adults Children Infants 12 to 20 breaths/min 15 to 30 breaths/min 25 to 50 breaths/min

Recognizing Inadequate Breathing

Irregular rhythm Labored breathing Muscle retractions Pale or blue skin Cool, clammy skin Faster respiratory rate

Infant and Child Anatomy

Structures less rigid Airway smaller Tongue proportionally larger Dependent on diaphragm for breathing

The Circulatory System

The Heart

Blood Flow Through the Heart

Electrical Conduction System

SA node AV node Purkinje fibers

Normal Heart Rates

Adults Children Infants 60 to 100 beats/min 70 to 150 beats/min 100 to 160 beats/min

Major Arteries and Veins

Aorta Radial Pulmonary Superior vena cava Carotid Inferior vena Femoral cava Brachial Pulmonary

Components of Blood
Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

Physiology of the Circulatory System (1 of 2)

Pulse The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the left ventricle contracts Can be felt where an artery passes near the skin surface and over a bone

Physiology of the Circulatory System (2 of 2)

Blood pressure Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries Systole: Left ventricle contracts Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes Perfusion Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue If inadequate, the patient goes into shock.

The Nervous System

The nervous system controls the bodys voluntary and involuntary actions. Somatic nervous system Regulates voluntary actions Autonomic nervous system Controls involuntary body functions

Central Nervous System (1 of 2)

Central Nervous System (2 of 2)

Peripheral Nervous System

Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system. Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system. Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.

The Skin (1 of 2)
Protects the body from the environment Regulates body temperature Transmits information from environment to the brain

The Skin (2 of 2)

Endocrine System
Complex message and control system Made up of seven glands Glands produce and release hormones.

Endocrine Glands
Adrenal Ovary Pancreas Parathyroid Pituitary Testes Thyroid

Digestive System
Mouth Salivary glands Oropharynx Esophagus Stomach Pancreas Liver Bile ducts Small intestine Large intestine Appendix Rectum

Urinary System

Male Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System

Review
1. The __________ lies in the retroperitoneal space. A. liver B. spleen C. kidneys D. stomach

Review
Answer: C Rationale: The kidneys lie in the retroperitoneal spacethe space behind the abdominal cavity. The spleen, liver, and stomach are all located within the anterior (true) abdomen.

Review
1. The __________ lies in the retroperitoneal space. A. Liver Rationale: Immediately beneath the diaphragm in the anterior abdomen. B. Spleen Rationale: Under the rib cage in left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity. C. Kidneys Rationale: Correct answer, lies behind the abdominal cavity. D. Stomach Rationale: In the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity.

Review
2. The cartilaginous tip of the sternum is called the: A. costal arch. B. manubrium. C. angle of Louis. D. xiphoid process.

Review
Answer: D Rationale: The xiphoid process projects from the lower part of the sternum. It is made of cartilage, and, relative to other parts of the sternum (eg, manubrium, angle of Louis), is soft to palpation.

Review
2. The cartilaginous tip of the sternum is called the: A. costal arch. Rationale: Bridge of cartilage that connects the ends of the 6th through 10th ribs to lower sternum. B. manubrium. Rationale: The upper section of the sternum, one of three parts. C. angle of Louis. Rationale: At the level where the second rib is attached to the sternum. D. xiphoid process. Rationale: Correct answer, inferior cartilaginous tip.

Review
3. A person with bilateral femur fractures has: A. fractured one of his or her femurs. B. fractured both of his or her femurs. C. one femur fractured in two places. D. fractured the lateral aspect of the femur.

Review
Answer: B Rationale: The term bilateral refers to both sides of the body with reference to the midline. Therefore, bilateral femur fractures would indicate that both femurs are fractured.

Review
3. A person with bilateral femur fractures has: A. fractured one of his or her femurs. Rationale: Bilateral means two. B. fractured both of his or her femurs. Rationale: Correct answer C. one femur fractured in two places. Rationale: Only one fractured bone, not two. D. fractured the lateral aspect of the femur. Rationale: This means the outside portion of the femur is broken.

Review
4. The MOST prominent landmark on the anterior surface of the neck is the: A. mastoid process. B. cricoid cartilage. C. thyroid cartilage. D. cricothyroid membrane.

Review
Answer: C Rationale: The thyroid cartilage, commonly referred to as the Adam's Apple, is the most prominent landmark on the anterior (front) surface of the neck. The cricoid cartilage is located directly inferior to (below) the thyroid cartilage; it is a less prominent landmark.

Review
4. The MOST prominent landmark on the anterior surface of the neck is the: A. mastoid process. Rationale: Prominent boney mass at the base of the skull. B. cricoid cartilage. Rationale: Firm ridge of cartilage inferior (below) to the thyroid cartilage. C. thyroid cartilage. Rationale: Correct answer, known as the Adams Apple. D. cricothyroid membrane. Rationale: Thin sheet of connective tissue that joins the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage.

Review
5. Insulin is produced in the: A. liver. B. pancreas. C. thyroid gland. D. adrenal glands.

Review
Answer: B Rationale: The pancreas is a solid organ that produces both insulin and digestive juices. Insulin is produced in the islets of Langerhans, which are a part of the pancreas.

Review
5. Insulin is produced in the: A. liver. Rationale: This is where poisonous bi-products of digest are rendered harmless. B. pancreas. Rationale: Correct answer C. thyroid gland. Rationale: This is found in neck over larynx and regulates metabolism. D. adrenal glands. Rationale: These are located in the kidneys and regulates salt, sugar, and sexual function.

Review
6. The medial aspect of a bone is that part of a bone that lies: A. nearer to the feet. B. nearer to the back. C. closer to the midline of the body. D. away from the midline of the body.

Review
Answer: C Rationale: The term medial means toward the midline of the body, while lateral means away from the midline of the body. A part of the body that is nearer to the back is said to be posterior; if it is nearer to the feet, it is said to be caudad.

Review
6. The medial aspect of a bone is that part of a bone that lies: A. nearer to the feet. Rationale: Means caudad. B. nearer to the back. Rationale: Means posterior. C. closer to the midline of the body. Rationale: Correct answer D. away from the midline of the body. Rationale: Means lateral.

Review
7. The normal resting adult heart rate is: A. 50 to 70 beats/min. B. 60 to 100 beats/min. C. 80 to 110 beats/min. D. 110 to 120 beats/min.

Review
Answer: B Rationale: The normal resting heart rate for an adult is 60 to 100 beats/min. Bradycardia exists when the adult heart rate is less than 60 beats/min, and tachycardia exists when it is greater than 100 beats/min.

Review
7. The normal resting adult heart rate is: A. 50 to 70 beats/min. Rationale: Less than 60 beats/min is bradycardia. B. 60 to 100 beats/min. Rationale: Correct answer C. 80 to 110 beats/min. Rationale: Normal is more than 100 beats/min. D. 110 to 120 beats/min. Rationale: More than 100 beats/min is tachycardia.

Review
8. The left atrium of the heart receives ___________ blood from the ___________. A. oxygenated, lungs B. deoxygenated, body C. oxygenated, body D. deoxygenated, lungs

Review
Answer: A Rationale: The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cavae.

Review
8. The left atrium of the heart receives ___________ blood from the ___________. A. oxygenated, lungs Rationale: Correct answer B. deoxygenated, body Rationale: The right atrium. C. oxygenated, body Rationale: No part of heart receives oxygenated blood from the body, only from the lungs. D. deoxygenated, lungs Rationale: The right atrium and right ventricle are the only parts of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

Review
9. The largest part of the brain is the: A. cerebrum. B. brain stem. C. cerebellum. D. foramen magnum.

Review
Answer: A Rationale: The three major parts of the brain are the cerebrum, the brain stem, and the cerebellum. The largest part of the brain is the cerebrum, which is sometimes called the gray matter, The cerebellumsometimes called the athletes brainis the smallest part of the brain. The brain stem is responsible for vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. The foramen magnum is the large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.

Review
9. The largest part of the brain is the: A. cerebrum. Rationale: Correct answer, also know as Gray Matter. B. brain stem. Rationale: Bottom portion of the brain responsible for vital functions, heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. C. cerebellum. Rationale: Smallest part of brain and sometimes called the Athletes Brain. D. foramen magnum. Rationale: Large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.

Review
10. Which of the following statements about red blood cells is FALSE? A. They contain iron. B. They carry oxygen. C. They help to fight infection. D. They give color to the blood.

Review
Answer: C Rationale: The hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells contain iron, give color to the blood, and carry oxygen. White blood cells play a role in helping the body to fight infection.

Review
10. Which of the following statements about red blood cells is FALSE? A. They contain iron. Rationale: True. Hemoglobin found in red blood cells carries iron. B. They carry oxygen. Rationale: True. Hemoglobin found in red blood cells carries oxygen. C. They help to fight infection. Rationale: Correct answer, White blood cells play a role in fighting infection. D. They give color to the blood. Rationale: True. Hemoglobin found in red blood cells gives color.