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Connections should be designed to be slip-critical where: / stress reversal, heavy impact loads, severe vibration / joint slippage would be detrimental to the serviceability of the structure. Slip-critical connections can fail in two ways: (a) slip at the connection; (b) bearing failure of the connection. Bearing-type bolted connections can be designed for joints subjected to compression or joints for bracing members.
Connections should be designed to be slip-critical where: / stress reversal, heavy impact loads, severe vibration / joint slippage would be detrimental to the serviceability of the structure. Slip-critical connections can fail in two ways: (a) slip at the connection; (b) bearing failure of the connection. Bearing-type bolted connections can be designed for joints subjected to compression or joints for bracing members.
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Connections should be designed to be slip-critical where: / stress reversal, heavy impact loads, severe vibration / joint slippage would be detrimental to the serviceability of the structure. Slip-critical connections can fail in two ways: (a) slip at the connection; (b) bearing failure of the connection. Bearing-type bolted connections can be designed for joints subjected to compression or joints for bracing members.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Verfügbare Formate
Als PPT, PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
Connections must be designed at the strength limit state
Average of the factored force effect at the connection and the force effect in the member at the same point At least 75% of the force effect in the member End connections for diaphragms, cross-frames, lateral bracing for straight flexural members - designed for factored member loads Connections should be symmetrical about member axis At least two bolts or equivalent weld per connection Members connected so that their gravity axes intersect at a point Eccentric connections should be avoided End connections for floorbeams and girders Two angles with thickness > 0.375 in. Made with high strength bolts f welded account for bending moment in design OLTED CONNECTONS Slip-critical and bearing type bolted connections. Connections should be designed to be slip-critical where: stress reversal, heavy impact loads, severe vibration joint slippage would be detrimental to the serviceability of the structure Joints that must be designed to be slip-critical include Joints subject to fatigue loading or significant load reversal. Joints with oversized holes or slotted holes Joints where welds and bolts sharing in transmitting load Joints in axial tension or combined axial tension and shear earing-type bolted connections can be designed for joints subjected to compression or joints for bracing members SLP-CRTCAL OLTED CONNECTON Slip-critical bolted connections can fail in two ways: (a) slip at the connection; (b) bearing failure of the connection Slip-critical connection must be designed to: (a) resist slip at load Service II; and (b) resist bearing / shear at strength limit states SLP-CRTCAL OLTED CONNECTON Slip-critical bolted connections can be installed with such a degree of tightness large tensile forces in the bolt clamp the connected plates together Applied Shear force resisted by friction Tightened P P Tightened Tightened P P P P T b N T b N T b N T b P F3N T b N T b F3N N T b N T b P T b N T b T b N T b N T b N T b P F3N N T b N T b P F3N T b N T b T b N T b F3N N T b N T b P F3N N T b N T b N T b N T b P SLP-CRTCAL OLTED CONNECTON Slip-critical connections can resist the shear force using friction. f the applied shear force is less than the friction that develops between the two surfaces, then no slip will occur between them Nominal slip resistance of a bolt in a slip-critical connection R n = K h K s N s P t Where, P t = minimum required bolt tension specified in Table 1 K h = hole factor specified in Table 1 K s = surface condition factor specified in Table 3 SLP-CRTCAL OLTED CONNECTON Faying surfaces Unpainted clean mill scale, and blast-cleaned surfaces with lass A coating Unpainted blast-cleaned surfaces with lass B coating Hot-dip galvanized surfaces roughened by wire brushing lass 4t diameter (in.) Required Tensi4n (kips) A325 A490 5/8 19 24 3/4 28 35 7/8 39 49 1 51 64 1-1/8 56 80 1-1/4 71 102 1-3/8 85 121 1-1/2 103 148
F4r standard h4es 1.0 F4r 4;ersize and sh4rt-s4tted h4es 0.85 F4r 4ng s4tted h4es with the s4t Perpendicuar t4 the I4rce directi4n 0.70 F4r 4ng-s4tted h4es with the s4t Parae t4 the I4rce directi4n 0.60
VaIues of K h VaIues of P t F4r Cass A surIace c4nditi4ns 0.33 F4r Cass surIace c4nditi4ns 0.50 F4r Cass C surIace c4nditi4ns 0.33
VaIues of K s SLP-CRTCAL CONNECTON Connection subjected to tensile force (T u ), which reduces clamping Nominal slip resistance should be reduced by (1- T u /P t ) Slip is not a catastrophic failure limit-state because slip-critical bolted connections behave as bearing type connections after slip. Slip-critical bolted connections are further designed as bearing-type bolted connection for the applicable factored strength limit state. EARNG CONNECTON n a bearing-type connection, -olts are su-ected to shear and the connecting / connected plates are subjected to bearing stresses : Bolt in shear Bearing stresses in plate Bearing stresses in plate T T T T Bolt in shear Bearing stresses in plate Bearing stresses in plate Bolt in shear Bearing stresses in plate Bearing stresses in plate T T T T EARNG CONNECTON earing type connection can fail in several failure modes a) Shear failure of the bolts b) Excessive bearing deformation at the bolt holes in the connected parts c) Edge tearing or fracture of the connected plate d) Tearing or fracture of the connected plate between two bolt holes e) Failure of member being connected due to fracture or block shear or ... EARNG CONNECTON Nominal shear resistance of a bolt Threads excluded: R n = 0.48 A b F ub N s Threads included: R n = 0.38 A b F ub N s Where, A b = area of the bolt corresponding to the nominal diameter F ub = 120 ksi for A325 bolts with diameters 0.5 through 1.0 in. F ub = 105 ksi for A325 bolts with diameters 1.125 through 1.5 in. F ub = 150 ksi for A490 bolts. N s = number of shear planes Resistance factor for bolts in shear = s = 0.80 Equations above - valid for joints with length < less than 50.0 in. f the length is greater than 50 in., then the values from the equations have to be multiplied by 0.8 EARNG CONNECTON Effective bearing area of a bolt = the bolt diameter multiplied by the thickness of the connected material on which it bears earing resistance for standard, oversize, or short-slotted holes in any direction, and long-slotted holes parallel to the bearing force: For bolts spaced with clear distance between holes greater than or equal to 3.0 d and for bolts with a clear end distance greater than or equal to 2.0 d # 3 2.4 d t F u For bolts spaced with clear distance between holes less than 3.0 d and for bolts with clear end distances less than 2.0 d # 3 1.2 L c t F u Where, d = nominal bolt diameter L c = clear distance between holes or between the hole and the end of the member in the direction of applied bearing force F u = tensile strength of the connected material The resistance factor -- for material in bearing due to bolts = 0.80 EARNG CONNECTON SPACNG REQUREMENTS Minimum spacing between centers of bolts in standard holes shall not be less than three times the diameter of the bolt For sealing against penetration of moisture in joints, the spacing on a single line adjacent to the free edge shall satisfy s > (4.0 + 4.0 t) > 7.0 Minimum edge distances 4t diameter (in.) Sheared edge R4ed 4r Gas Cut edge 5/8 1-1/8 7/8 3/4 1-1/4 1 7/8 1-1/2 1-1/8 1 1-3/4 1-1/4 1-1/8 2 1-1/2 1-1/4 2-1/4 1-5/8 1-3/8 2-3/8 1-3/4
OLTED CONNECTON ampIe 1 Design a slip-critical splice for a tension member. For the Service load combination, the member is subjected to a tension load of 200 kips. For the strength limit state, the member is subjected to a maximum tension load of 300 kips. The tension member is a x 2 section made from M270-Gr. 50 steel. Use A325 bolts to design the slip-critical splice. $tep I. Service and factored loads Service Load = 200 kips. Factored design load = 300 kips Tension member is x 2 section made from M270 Gr.50. The tension splice must be slip critical (i.e., it must not slip) at service loads. OLTED CONNECTON Step II. Slip-critical splice connection Slip resistance of one fully-tensioned slip-critical bolt = R n = K h K s N s P t = 1.0 for slip-critical resistance evaluation Assume bolt diameter = d = in. Therefore P t = 28 kips from Table 1 Assume standard holes. Therefore K h = 1.0 Assume Class A surface condition. Therefore K s = 0.33 Therefore, R n = 1.0 x 0.33 x 1 x 28 = 9.24 kips Therefore, number of in. diameter bolts required for splice to be slip- critical at service loads = 200 / 9.24 = 21.64. Therefore, number of bolts required < 22 OLTED CONNECTON $tep III: Layout of flange-plate splice connection To be symmetric about centerline, need the number of bolts = multiple of 8. Therefore, choose 24 fully tensioned 3/4 in. A325 bolts with layout above. Slip-critical strength of the connection = 24 x 9.24 kips = 221.7 kips Minimum edge distance (L e ) = 1 in. from Table 4. Design edge distance L e = 1.25 in. Minimum spacing = s = 3 x bolt diameter = 3 x = 2.25 in. Design spacing = 2.5 in. OLTED CONNECTON $tep IV: Connection strength at factored loads The connection should be designed as a normal shear/bearing connection beyond this point for the factored load of 300 kips Shear strength of high strength bolt = R n = 0.80 x 0.38 x A b x F ub N s Equation given earlier for threads included in shear plane. A b = 3.14 x 0.75 2 / 4 = 0.442 in 2 F ub = 120 ksi for A325 bolts with d < 1-1/8 in. N s = 1 Therefore, R n = 16.1 kips The shear strength of 24 bolts = 16.1 kips/bolt x 24 = 386.9 kips OLTED CONNECTON earing strength of 3/4 in. bolts at edge holes (L e = 1.25 in.)
bb R n = 0.80 x 1.2 L c t F u ecause the clear edge distance = 1.25 (3/4 + 1/16)/2 = 0.84375 in. < 2 d
bb R n = 0.80 x 1.2 x 0.84375 x 65 kips x t = 52.65 kips / in. thickness earing strength of of 3/4 in. bolts at non-edge holes (s = 2.5)
bb R n = 0.80 x 2.4 d t F u ecause the clear distance between holes = 2.5 (3/4 + 1/16) = 1.6875 in. > 2d
bb R n = 0.80 x 2.4 x 0.75 x 65 kips x t = 93.6 kips / in. thickness earing strength of bolt holes in flanges of wide flange section x 2 (t = 0.465 in.) 8 x 52.65 x 0.465 +16 x 93.6 x 0.465 = 892 kips CONNECTON STRENGTH Connection strength (R n ) > applied factored loads (Q). Therefore ok Connection Strength Sip-critica strength 221.7 kips Shear strength 4I b4ts 386.9 kips earing strength (pate) 892 kips
WELDED CONNECTONS ntroduction The shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process for field welding. Submerged metal arc welding (SAW) used for shop welding automatic or semi-automatic process Quality control of welded connections is particularly difficult because of defects below the surface, or even minor flaws at the surface, will escape visual detection. Welders must be properly certified, and for critical work, special inspection techniques such as radiography or ultrasonic testing must be used. WELDED CONNECTONS Two most common types of welds are the fillet and the groove weld. lap joint fillet welds placed in the corner formed by two plates Tee joint fillet welds placed at the intersection of two plates. Groove welds deposited in a gap or groove between two parts to be connected e.g., butt, tee, and corner joints with beveled (prepared) edges Partial penetration groove welds can be made from one or both sides with or without edge preparation. illet weld illet weld illet weld illet weld illet weld illet weld WELDED CONNECTONS Design of fillet welded connections Fillet welds are most common and used widely Weld sizes are specified in 1/16 in. increments Fillet welds are usually fail in shear, where the shear failure occurs along a plane through the throat of the weld Shear stress in fillet weld of length L subjected to load P f v = a a Thr4at a x c4s45 4 0.707 a a a Thr4at a x c4s45 4 0.707 a Faiure Pane L O w L a 707 . 0 P FLLET WELDED CONNECTONS The shear strength of the fillet weld = e2 0.60 F exx Where, e2 = 0.80 F exx is the tensile strength of the weld electrode used in the welding process. t can be 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, or 120 ksi. The corresponding electrodes are specified using the nomenclature E60XX, E70XX, E80XX, and so on. Therefore, the shear strength of the fillet weld connection R n = e2 x 0.60 F exx x 0.707 a L w Electrode strength should match the base metal strength f yield stress (9 y ) of the base metal is A 60 - 65 ksi, use electrode f yield stress (9 y ) of the base metal is K 60 - 65 ksi, use electrode E70XX is the most popular electrode used for SMAW fillet welds For E70XX, R n = 0.80 x 0.60 x 70 x 0.707 a L w = 0.2375 a L w kips FLLET WELDED CONNECTONS The shear strength of the base metal must be considered: R n = v x 0.58 A g F y where, v = 1.0 F y is the yield strength of the base metal and A g is the gross area in shear Strength of weld in shear Strength of base metal = 0.80 x 0.60 x F exx x 0.707 x a x L w = 1.0 x 0.58 x F y x t x L w Smaller governs the strength of the weld T Ee;ati4n Pan T Ee;ati4n Pan FLLET WELDED CONNECTONS Limitatio3s o3 weId dime3sio3s Minimum size (a min ) Weld size need not exceed the thickness of the thinner part joined. a min depends on the thickness of the thicker part joined f the thickness of the thicker part joined (T) is less than or equal to in. a min = in. f T is greater than in. a min = 5/16 in. Maximum size (a max ) Maximum size of fillet weld along edges of connected parts for material with thickness < 0.25 in., a max- = thickness of the material for plates with thickness K 0.25 in., a max = thickness of material - 1/16 in. Minimum length (L w ) Minimum effective length of fillet weld = 4 x size of fillet weld Effective length of fillet weld > 1.5 in. FLLET WELDED CONNECTONS Weld terminations and end returns End returns must not be provided around transverse stiffeners Fillet welds that resist tensile forces not parallel to the weld axis or proportioned to withstand repeated stress shall not terminate at corners of parts or members Where end returns can be made in the same plane, they shall be returned continuously, full size around the corner, for a length equal to twice the weld size (2a) FLLET WELD DESGN ampIe 1 Design the fillet welded connection system for a double angle tension member 2 5 x 3 x 1/2 made from A36 steel to carry a factored ultimate load of 250 kips. $tep I. Design the welded connection Considering only the thickness of the angles; a min = 1/4 in. Considering only the thickness of the angles; a max = 1/2 - 1/16 in. = 7/16 in. esign, a = 3/8 in. = 0.375 in. V Shear strength of weld metal = R n = 0.80 x 0.60 x F EXX x 0.707 x a x L w = 8.9 x L w kips Strength of the base metal in shear = R n = 1.0 x 0.58 x F y x t x L w = 10.44 L w kips V Shear strength of weld metal governs, R n = 8.9 L w kips FLLET WELD DESGN Design strength R n > 250 kips Therefore, 8.9 L w > 250 kips Therefore, L w > 28.1 in. Design length of 3/8 in. E70XX fillet weld = 30.0 in. Shear strength of fillet weld = 26 kips Connection layout Connection must be designed to minimize eccentricity of loading. Therefore, the center or gravity of the welded connection must coincide with the center of gravity of the member. / T u I L 2 I L 1 L 1 L 2 3.4 in. / T u I L 2 I L 1 L 1 L 2 3.4 in. FLLET WELD DESGN Connection layout Connection must be designed to minimize eccentricity of loading. The c.g. of the welded connection must coincide with c.g. of the member Total length of weld required = 30 in. Two angles assume each angle will have weld length of 15 in. / T u I L 2 I L 1 L 1 L 2 3.4 in. / T u I L 2 I L 1 L 1 L 2 3.4 in. FLLET WELD DESGN The tension force T u acts along the c.g. of the member, which is 1.65 in. from the top and 3.35 in. from the bottom (ASC manual). Let, f be the strength of the fillet weld per unit length. Therefore, fL 1 + fL 2 T u And fL 2 3.35 - fL 1 1.65 0 - taking moments about the member c.g. Therefore, L 1 = 2.0 L 2 ut, L 1 + L 2 = 15.0 in. Therefore, L 1 = 10 in. and L 2 = 5 in. Design: L 1 = 10.0 in. and L 2 = 5.0 in. FLLET WELD DESGN Consider another layout e T u I L 2 L 1 L 2 I L 1 5I 3.4 in. e T u I L 2 L 1 L 2 I L 1 5I 3.4 in. fL 1 + fL 2 + 5f = T u fL 2 x 3.5 + 5f x 0.85 - fL 1 x 1.65 = 0 - Moment about member c.g. Additionally, L 1 + L 2 + 5 = 15.0 in. Therefore, L 1 = 7.6 in. and L 2 = 2.4 in. Design: L 1 = 8.0 in. and L 2 = 3.0 in. Groove Welded Connections Connects structural members that are aligned in the same plane asic Types: Complete joint penetration groove weld: transmits full load of the member they join and have the same strength as the base metal. Partial penetration groove weld: Welds do not extend completely through the thickness of the pieces being joined. Groove Welds Complete penetration groove welded connections Tension and compression loaded Factored resistance = factored resistance of base metal Shear loaded on effective area lesser of Factored resistance of weld = 0.6 x e1 x F exx = 0.6 x 0.85 x F exx 60% of factored resistance of base metal in tension Partial penetration groove-welded connections Tension or compression parallel to the weld axis and compression normal to effective area factored resistance of the base metal Tension normal to the effective area lesser of Factored resistance of the weld = 0.6 e2 F exx = 0.60 x 0.80 x F exx Factored resistance of the base metal Shear loaded lesser of Factored resistance of the weld = 0.6 e2 F exx = 0.60 x 0.80 x F exx Factored resistance of base metal = 0.58 F y Groove Welds