Information Technology and Networking concepts

Presented by Mudit Misra

IT Revolution

IT Revolution
The new millennium will be the millennium of the information society, Information Technology can be compared to a PEN. It can be used by anyone, for any purpose at any time. The issue is to use it in a manner which brings benefit to society and mankind.

Effect of IT
Knowledge based economies Information is a vital resource Bridging geographical barriers Global Village Business Process Outsourcing Reversal of Brain Drain

Impact on employment

Change in employment patterns

More jobs in service sector
More jobs in the services sector than the traditional sectors like agriculture, manufacturing and other secondary areas

Rise of knowledge workers

Spectral rise in jobs for knowledge workers in various areas of Information technology

Change in employment patterns

Bridging the gender gap
More women in IT and related jobs, thereby reducing the traditional gender divide.

More jobs in IT enabled services

Several jobs created due to the emergence of IT-related occupations.

Globalization of work force

Corporate increasingly outsourcing their operations and concentrating on their core competency reduced concentration of workforce in urban areas

Change in employment patterns

Tele working
Emergence of SOHOs, a mobile workforce, and location independent jobs

Non regular employment

Rise in part time employment as a result of standardization of job duties.

Indirect employment
1 job created in the IT sector creates 15 additional jobs in the support sector.

Other Benefits
Tele centers Reduce routine work Increased creativity and specialized work Performance based evaluation Crumbling of hierarchical personnel systems

Areas of employment
IT sector
Programmers and engineers Computer scientists Internet and E-commerce Database administration Network specialists Mobile commerce Digital Media Technical writing

Introduction to Unit

Past Digital communications / computers peripheral Now - Computers now central to both business and media. New skills and understanding of how computers can be used strategically, what part they play in modern world

The Basics What is Digital?

Analog - data converted into physical object
 Music on tape / vinyl

Digital data converted into numbers

 Sampled as discrete fragments  Quantified: each fragment numbered

Digital object can be described and manipulated mathematically The basis of Computing

The Basics What is Information?

Information is data processed for some purpose Information can only be considered to be 'real' Info if it meets certain criteria i.e. 1. it must be communicated to the recipient 2. it must be in a language that is understood 3. it must be in a suitable form 4. it must be relevant for achieving some purpose

Information is any form of communication that provides understandable and useful knowledge for the person receiving it.

What Is A Computer?
A computer is a general purpose, programmable device that is used for the production and processing of information capable of calculating and storing results

What do we mean by general purpose?

Most devices can be described by their function e.g Washing Machine, DVD Player Computers, however, can be used for almost any purpose: - typewriter - video editor - accounts tracker - database / address book - DVD / CD Player - and many others

Computers Are Programmable

Computers respond to instructions in the form of programs Programs are written in order to make computers behave in specific ways i.e. word processor, systems control Programs are stored in the Computer memory

How computers process information

Computers accept inputs ( i.e. data) The input is translated into binary numbers and processed The process produces output (i.e information) This sequence can repeat endlessly: outputs can be inputs! Illustrating this - the Black Box model

Processing - the Black Box model

We can think of a computer as a black box :

input
3+5 What is the capital of India? Turn off the heating at 8:00pm

process
8

output

Delhi Heating shut down at 8:00pm

Components of a Computer System

Computer Systems are made up of: Hardware the physical parts Software - the instructions or programs that control the hardware The Human Being the brains behind the whole system!

Types Of Computer
Mainframe Computer Minicomputer Personal Computer (Microcomputer / Desktop) Laptop Network Computer / Server
 Uses two types of terminal: Dumb and Intelligent

Computer Organisation the Von Neumann model

Most Computers are based on a model proposed by John Von Neumann in 1946 The logical units of this model are:
 Stored program  Central Processing Unit: fetches and executes the program instructions sequentially  Memory  Input and Output devices

Computer Hardware components

A typical PC System is made up of:
       System Unit Keyboard Monitor (VDU) Mouse Printer Modem Multimedia Devices

Hardware The System Unit

The central component of the system Houses:
 The Processor: corresponds to the CPU  Memory: RAM and ROM  Storage: Hard Disk, Removable Storage devices

The Processor (CPU)

Types include Intel Pentium series, Celerion, AMD Athlon Chip at the heart of the computer- does the calculations Speed is very important measured in megahertz (MHz): the faster the processor the more calculations performed per second.

Memory
A computer must be able to store its calculations and programs Two types of memory: Volatile and permanent. Measured in bytes One byte = eight bits

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Used by the Computer as the working area Holds the working program, the data being processed and the interim results Volatile - contents are erased if power is cut Can be accessed randomly: can get any piece of data directly. Faster than permanent storage Not to be confused with ROM (Read-Only Memory)

Storage - Hard Disk

Permanent Memory - records and stores all programs and data / information magnetically Larger than RAM - average 12 - 120GB Slower - involves mechanical movement (read/write head, revolving disk)

Other types of Storage

Floppy Disks CD/DVD ROM Zip Drive Magnetic Tape Data sticks Flash Memory

Input Devices
Keyboard Mouse: used in conjunction with the GUI (Graphical User Interface), point and click Other types of Input Devices:
    Trackballs Light Pens Touch Screens Tablets

Output Devices
Monitor: also known as the Visual Display Unit (VDU) Printers
 Laser Printer  Inkjet Printer  Impact

Software
Generic name of all programs Made up of code interpreted by the hardware Written in programming languages - Java, C, C++, Perl Two kinds of Software:
 System  Application

System Software
Concerned with the computer itself: devices, file and storage management, error correction Main piece of SS: Operating System (OS) OS: the driving program of the computer
    communicates between all programs and the hardware controls timing and sequence of events manages data to ensure security and integrity Examples: Windows, Mac OS, Unix

Applications Software
Concerned with the world outside the computer Gives the computer its general purpose nature Used for the things you want the computer to do Common Examples - Word, Excel, Internet Explorer Applications can be more specialised: e.g. Architecture package

How Software is made

Involves a cycle of research, analysis, development and testing Systems Analysts - study the business processes and designs the software Programmers - develops the software

Problems with Software

Software is complex Difficult to test comprehensively Can have bugs: these can be trivial or major Symptoms of bugs
 hanging  crashes

The Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Represents all the program / computer resources as icons Workspace represented graphically - creates virtual documents More usable: led to wider use of computers Adds to the unique nature of the computer as both a tool and a medium

Whats New in IT

Embedded systems
Growth of Internet technologies and recent advances in embedded systems are driving us towards SMART DEVICES. Work is mainly on:
Retail devices like mobiles, digital consumer goods Commercial devices like Data switches, routers Application specific Integrated Circuits to provide System on a Chip

Broadband Networks
Rapid growth in field of Data com and Tele com implies that service providers are now managing increasingly complex set of services.
Shift towards IP based networks Improved quality of service Increased deployment of optical fiber networks

VoIP
Last few years have seen sound communication backbones in place thus enabling transfer of multimedia over IP networks. Some of the practical applications of VoIP have been:
Internet Telephony VPN intranets using secure tunneling through internet VoIP enabled PBXs integrating voice and data in an organization.

Mobile Commerce
More and more applications are being developed for the mobile users which is a step towards convergence. Some of the technologies is use are: WAP Blue Tooth 3Gs GPRS

IT enabled services
IT enabled services
Call centers Medical transcription Legal database processing Back office operations Data processing Human resource services Support centers Web site services Revenue accounting

Other thrust areas

Biometrics securities solutions Bio Informatics Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS) E-CRM E-Procurements Network security Enterprise storage

Networking Concept
The first networks were time-sharing networks that used mainframes and attached terminals. Such environments were implemented by both IBM's System Network Architecture (SNA) and Digital's network architecture. Local area networks (LANs) evolved around the PC revolution and provide high-speed, fault-tolerant data networks that cover a relatively small geographic area or that is confined to a single building or group of buildings. They provide connected users with shared access to devices and applications and allow them to exchange files and communicate via electronic mail. Wide area networks (WANs) cover broader geographic areas, often using transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies, to interconnect a number of LANs. LANs and WANs make up the majority of networks - indeed, the Internet can be correctly regarded as the largest WAN in existence - there are many different types of network, categorized by a number of distinguishing characteristics:

 Topology: the geometric arrangement of a computer system. Common topologies include a bus, star, and ring Standards/protocols: definitions of common sets of rules and signals that specify how computers on a network communicate. Ethernet and Token Ring are examples of network cabling standards, whilst TCP/IP is the predominant network communications protocol Architecture: networks can be broadly classified as using either a peer-to-peer or client-server architecture. In addition to the computers themselves, sometimes referred to as nodes, the implementation of a network involves:

 A device on each connected computer that enables it to communicate with the network, usually called a network interface card (NIC) Various items of specialist network hardware, including devices to act as connection points between the various nodes, generally referred to as hubs or switches A connection medium, usually a wire or cable , although wireless communication between networked computers is increasingly common.

OSI MODEL

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer

Application programs that use the network Standardizes data presented to the applications Manages sessions between applications Provides error detection and correction Manages network connections Provides data delivery across the physical connection Defines the physical network media

Thank you