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Preventing marine pollution

The environmental threat


Land-based sources
by-products of industry run-off from agricultural pesticides and herbicides effluents discharged from urban areas

Preventing marine pollution

The environmental threat shipping and maritime activities  oil  tanker accidents

 Torrey

Canyon (1967),  Amoco Cadiz (1978)  Exxon Valdez (1989)

terminal operations  normal tanker operations



Preventing marine pollution

Preventing operational pollution This can result, for example, from the discharge of oil-water mixtures resulting from tank cleaning directly into the sea. This has been done by introducing anti-pollution measures into the design, equipment and operation of ships.

Preventing marine pollution

Reducing accidents This is principally achieved by introducing and enforcing strict standards and navigational procedures on a world-wide basis. While principally designed to make shipping safer these measures have a secondary advantage in that they also help cut pollution resulting from accidents.

Preventing marine pollution

Reducing the consequences of accidents Measures have been introduced which are designed to lessen the amount of pollution resulting from an accident (for example, by limiting the size of tanks and thereby limiting the amount of oil entering the sea in the event of a tanker going aground or being involved in a collision).

Preventing marine pollution

Providing compensation The costs of pollution can be enormous. A series of measures has been adopted to enable victims of pollution incidents to be provided with compensation for their losses.

Preventing marine pollution

Helping implementation IMO has provided technical and other assistance to Governments in developing contingency plans for countering pollution.

MARPOL 73/78
Annex I
Prevention of pollution by oil Entry into force: 2 October 1983

Annex II
Control of pollution by noxious liquid substances Entry into force: 6 April 1987

MARPOL 73/78
Annex III
Prevention of pollution by harmful substances in packaged form Entry into force: 1 July 1992

Annex IV
Prevention of pollution by sewage from ships Entry into force: 27 September 2003

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MARPOL 73/78
Annex V
Prevention of pollution by garbage from ships Entry into force: 31 Dec. 1988

Annex VI
Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships Entry into force: 19 May 2005

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MARPOL 73/78 Annex I

Operational discharges of oil from tankers are allowed only when all of the following conditions are met: the total quantity of oil which a tanker may discharge in any ballast voyage whilst under way must not exceed 1/15,000 of the total cargo carrying capacity of the vessel;

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MARPOL 73/78 Annex I

Operational discharges of oil from tankers are allowed only when all of the following conditions are met: the rate at which oil may be discharged must not exceed 60 litres per mile travelled by the ship; and

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MARPOL 73/78 Annex I

Operational discharges of oil from tankers are allowed only when all of the following conditions are met: no discharge of any oil whatsoever must be made from the cargo spaces of a tanker within 50 miles of the nearest land.

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MARPOL 73/78 Annex I

An oil record book is required, in which is recorded the movement of cargo oil and its residues from loading to discharging on a tankto-tank basis.

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MARPOL 73/78 Annex II



Some 250 substances were evaluated and included in the list appended to the Convention. The discharge of their residues is allowed only to reception facilities until certain concentrations and conditions (which vary with the category of substances) are complied with.

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MARPOL 73/78 Annex II

In any case, no discharge of residues containing noxious substances is permitted within 12 miles of the nearest land.  More stringent restrictions applied to the Baltic and Black Sea areas.


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MARPOL 73/78 Annex III



Contains general requirements for the issuing of detailed standards on packing, marking, labelling, documentation, stowage, quantity limitations, exceptions and notifications for preventing pollution by harmful substances.

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MARPOL 73/78 Annex V

Time taken for objects to dissolve at sea
Paper bus ticket Cotton cloth Rope Woollen cloth Painted wood Tin can Aluminium can Plastic bottle 2-4 weeks 1-5 months 3-14 months 1 year 13 years 100 years 200-500 years 450 years

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MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI



Set limits on sulphur oxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from ship exhausts and prohibit deliberate emissions of ozone depleting substances.

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Seafarers role in waste management



The shipboard personnel are involved in the process of waste generation and management from a number of different perspectives: As operator and maintenance personnel of different machineries onboard that will definitely produce waste products. As initiators of the waste management chain by transferring of waste materials for treatment and disposal. As initiator of illegal discharges of oil and other solid waste materials at sea.

1.

2.

3.

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Shipboard Waste Management System



Seafarers must understand what Shipboard Waste Management System can achieve in terms of the quantities of waste dealt with and the benefits and disbenefits to human health and the environment associated They must understand how their actions can reduce the amount of waste requiring treatment or disposal All waste management options have their advantages and disadvantages and gauging the seafarers views of each will play an important part in developing and implementing effective waste management plans.

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END OF PRESENTATION
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