Conservation of

mechanical energy
Conservation of
mechanical energy
start with the momentum equation : start with the momentum equation :
"change of kinetic energy is a result
of work done by external forces"

j j
F dVu
Dt
D
! V
j
u v

forces external by work change energy kinetic
2
j
i
ij
j
j j
u dV
x
dV f
u u
dV
Dt
D

x
x
!

W
V V
Conservation of
mechanical energy
Conservation of
mechanical energy

work
energy kinetic
2
velocity density
-
-
-
2
1
2
1
2
1
j
i
ij
j j
V
j j
j j
u
x
u f
dV u u
u u
x
x
!
!
!

v v
W
V ]
V J
V N
set : set :
j
i
ij
j j
i
j j
i
j j
u
x
u f
u
u u
x
u u
t
x
x
!
!

x
x

x
x
W
2 2
kinetic energy equation kinetic energy equation
for an elementary volume for an elementary volume dV dV ::
Conservation of
mechanical energy
Conservation of
mechanical energy
integrated for integrated for
a final volume a final volume VV
bound by a surface bound by a surface AA ::
u
i
n
i
dA
dV
V
A



forces surface
of work
forces body
of work
outlet inlet
convection energy kinetic
change energy kinetic
2 2



!

x
x

A
i j ij
V
j j
A
i i
j j
V
j j
dA n u dV u f
dA u n
u u
dV
u u
t
W V
V V


work
n deformatio
i
j
ij
work
kinetic
i
ij
j
work
total
ij j
i
x
u
x
u u
x x
x

x
x
!
x
x
W
W
W
Conservation of
mechanical energy
Conservation of
mechanical energy
j
i
ij
j j
i
j j
i
j j
u
x
u f
u
u u
x
u u
t
x
x
!
!

x
x

x
x
W
2 2
d
ij
d
ij
i
i
ij ij
x
u
p o W o W
x
x
!
Conservation of
mechanical energy
Conservation of
mechanical energy

'
'

'
'

outlet inlet
convection energy kinetic
change energy kinetic
2 2
i
j j
i
j j
t
V V

x
x

for s s rface
of wor total
forces body
of wor
j ij
i
j j
u
x
u f W V




work
n de ormatio
total
work
n de ormatio
sp erical - non
work
n de ormatio
sp erical
d
ij
d
ij
i
i
x
p [ W
x
x

Conservation of internal
(thermal) energy
Conservation of internal
(thermal) energy
"change of internal (thermal) energy
is a result of the transferred heat "




sf r t tr
r d f rm ti
sf r t tr
du ti
r i t r l
i
j
ij
i i
T
k
t

= o o

ij ij
i
i
x
q
dV
Dt
D
[ o o

=
q
i
n
i
dA
dV
V
A
i
i
x
T
k q
x
x
!
Conservation of internal
(thermal) energy
Conservation of internal
(thermal) energy
transfer heat -
-
-
i
j
ij
i i
V
x
u
x
T
k
x
dV cT
cT
x
x

x
x
x
x
!
!
!

v v
W ]
V J
V N
energy internal
e temperatur heat speci ic density
set : set :

i
j
ij
i i
i
i
x
u
x
T
k
x
cTu
x
cT
t
x
x

x
x
x
x
!
!
x
x

x
x
W
V V
thermal energy equation thermal energy equation
for an elementary volume for an elementary volume dV dV ::
Conservation of internal
(thermal) energy
Conservation of internal
(thermal) energy
integrated for integrated for
a final volume a final volume VV
bound by a surface bound by a surface AA ::
u
i
n
i
dA
dV
V
A




sf r h t tr n
n work d form tio
sf r h t tr n
ondu tion
outl t inl t
onv tion n rgy int rn l
h ng n rgy int rn l


x
x

x
x

!
x
x

V
i
j
ij
A
i
i
A
i i
V
dV
u
dA n
T
k
dA u cTn dV cT
t
W
V V
Conservation of
energy (total)
Conservation of
energy (total)
"change of total energy is a result
of work done by external forces
and heat transferred"
!

change energy total
2
cT
u u
dV
Dt
D
j j
V

sf r h r n ondu on
d
x
k
x
i i

)

forces external by work
dV u
x
u f
j ij
i
j j

Conservation of
chemical species
Conservation of
chemical species
" change of concentration of chemical
species is a result mass transfer
and chemical reaction "

]
reaction
chemi al to due
k sour e/sin
transfer mass
diffusion
change ion concentrat
s
i
s
s
i
s
R
x
m
x
d m
Dt
D

=


D o
)
s
i
s
i
s
R
x
q
dV m
Dt
D

x
x
! V
q
i
s
n
i
dA
dV
V
A
i
s
s s
i
x
m
q
x
x
! D
Conservation of
chemical species
Conservation of
chemical species
reaction chemical
an iffusion
mass species
ion concentrat mass pecies
s
i
s
s
i
s
s
R
x
m
x
dV m
m s

x
x
x
x

D
set : set :

s
i
s
s
i
i
s
i
s
R
x
m
x
u m
x
m
t

x
x
x
x
!
!
x
x

x
x
D
mass transfer equation mass transfer equation
for an elementary volume for an elementary volume dV dV ::
Conservation of
chemical species
Conservation of
chemical species
integrated for integrated for
a final volume a final volume VV
bound by a surface bound by a surface AA ::
u
i
n
i
dA
dV
V
A




reaction chemical
to due k source/sin
trans er mass
di usion s ecies
outlet inlet
convection s ecies
change ion concentrat s ecies

x
x

!
x
x

V
s
A
i
i
s
s
A
i i
s
V
s
dV R dA n
x
m
dA u n m dV m
t
D
V V
SOME
SIMPLIFICATIONS
SOME
SIMPLIFICATIONS
of the of the
conservation conservation
(transport) (transport)
eq ations eq ations
Simplification of the
contin ity eq ation
Simplification of the
contin ity eq ation
for an incompressible fluid for an incompressible fluid VV=const =const ::
0 !
x
x
i
i
x
u
written for an elementary volume written for an elementary volume dV dV ::
)
i
i
u
x t
o
o

const. ! !
x
x
1
1
1
u
x
u
for 1D flow: for 1D flow: uu
22
=u =u
33
=0 =0
Simplifications of the
moment m eq ations
Simplifications of the
moment m eq ations

x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x

x
x

!
x
x

x
x
i
i
j i
j
i j
j
i j
i
j
x
u
x x
u
x x
p
f
u u
x
u
t
Q Q
3
start with the Navier start with the Navier- -Stokes equation: Stokes equation:
assume the fluid is ideal (inviscid) assume the fluid is ideal (inviscid) Q Q=0 =0 ::
assume the fluid is incompressible assume the fluid is incompressible
VV=const. =const.
result is the result is the Euler Euler equation: equation:
j
j
i
j
i
j
x
p
f
x
u
u
t
u
x
x
!
x
x

x
x
V
1
Simplifications of the
moment m eq ations
Simplifications of the
moment m eq ations
assume the only body force is gravity: assume the only body force is gravity:
j
j j j
x
z
g f g f
x
x
! ! or

!
p
gz
x x
u
u
t
u
j i
j
i
j
momentum equation for an momentum equation for an
ideal incompressible fluid in the ideal incompressible fluid in the
gravity field: gravity field:
Simplifications of the
moment m eq ations
Simplifications of the
moment m eq ations
if the fluid is not moving if the fluid is not moving uu
ii
= u = u
jj
= 0 = 0 ::

!
p
gz
x x
u
u
t
u
j i
j
i
j
. const
p
gz !
V
) 0 !
V
o
o
p p
z z g
result is the equation of result is the equation of fluid statics fluid statics::
Simplifications of the
moment m eq ations
Simplifications of the
moment m eq ations

x
x
!
x
x

x
x
V
p
gz
x x
u
u
t
u
if the movement of the fluid if the movement of the fluid
along the streamline is followed along the streamline is followed
in the direction in the direction x x, then , then u u
ii
= u = u
jj
= u = u::
for a steady state for a steady state
0
2
2
!

'
'
o
p
gz
u
x
.
2
2
onst
p
gz
u
!
o
integration gives integration gives Bernoulli Bernoulli equation: equation:
Simplification of the
total energy eq ation
Simplification of the
total energy eq ation


forces external by ork
dV u
x
u f
j ij
i
j j

x
x
! W V
!

dV cT
u u
t
D
j j
V

energy internal inetic o
mass) unit (per change total

s er heat tran conduction
dV
T
i i

x
x
x
x

Simplification of the
total energy eq ation
Simplification of the
total energy eq ation
=

outl t inl t
onve tion ener
hange energy local
2 2
i i
j j
i
j j
cTu u
u u
x
cT
u u
t
]


forces surface
of wor
forces body
of wor
1
j ij
i
j j
u
x
u f W
V x
x
!

sfer heat tran
1

x
x
x
x

i i
T
V
)
) Q W U PE KE
U PE KE

!

x
x
i flown
out flown
t
which is which is 1st law of thermodynamics 1st law of thermodynamics
for a control volume (open system) for a control volume (open system)
Simplification of the
total energy eq ation
Simplification of the
total energy eq ation
1st law of thermodynamics 1st law of thermodynamics
for a control mass (closed system) for a control mass (closed system)
assuming no kinetic energy (KE) assuming no kinetic energy (KE)
or or
potential energy (PE) change potential energy (PE) change
Q W
U

=

t
Simplification of the
total energy eq ation
Simplification of the
total energy eq ation
if there is no if there is no
movement movement
of the fluid of the fluid
and no and no
deformation deformation
and and VV=const. =const.
and and k=const. k=const.
!

change energy total
2
cT
u u
dV
Dt
D
j j
V

s r t tr d ti
d
x
T
k
x
i i

x
x
x
x

forces external by ork
d u
x
f
j ij
i
j

= o o
2
2
i
x
c t
x
x
!
x
x
V
result is the result is the heat conduction heat conduction equation : equation :

s
i
s
s
i
i
s
i
s
x
m
x
u m
x
m
t

x
x
x
x
!
!
x
x

x
x
D
Simplification of the
mass transfer eq ation
Simplification of the
mass transfer eq ation
if there is no if there is no
movement movement
of the fluid of the fluid
no chemical no chemical
reaction reaction
and and D D
s s
=const. =const.
2
2
i
s s
x
m
D
t
m

result is the result is the Fick second law Fick second law equation : equation :