Taxonomy and Classification

J.T.II Olivar Faculty of Arts and Letters University of Santo Tomas

Outline of the Lecture

Definition of Taxonomy  Kingdom Monera  Kingdom Protista  Kingdom Plantae  Kingdom Fungi  Kingdom Animalia



The Animal Phylogenic Tree

Taxonomy


Is the field of biology that classifies organisms according to the presence or absence of shared characteristics in an effort to discover evolutionary relationships among species.


Taxon is a category that organisms are placed into and can be any of the levels of the hierarchy.

Levels of Classification
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

The current system of classification is a fivefive-kingdom system that divides all the organisms of the planet into one of five kingdoms:
Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)  Protista  Plantae  Fungi  Animalia


Kingdom Monera


The members of this kingdom are prokaryotes: single-celled organisms that singlehave no nucleus or membrane-bound membraneorganelles.
Nutritional class  Reactivity with Oxygen  Archaebacteria versus Eubacteria


Nutritional class
Monerans can be classified as either autotrophs or heterotrophs.  Autotrophs are the producers of the world.

 Photoautotrophs

photosynthetic autotrophs that produce energy from light.  Chemoautotrophs produce energy from inorganic substances.


Heterotrophs are the consumers of the world.

Reactivity with Oxygen

Obligate aerobes require oxygen for respiration  Obligate anaerobes must avoid oxygen  Facultative anaerobes


Archaebacteria versus Eubacteria



Archaebacteria tend to live in extreme environments

 Extreme

halophiles salt lovers  Methanogens bacteria that produce methane as a by-product by Thermoacidophiles bacteria that love hot, acidic environments.

Eubacteria
 Proteobacteria  Gram-positive Gram Cyanobacteria  Spirochetes  Chlamydias  Chemosynthetic

bacteria

bacteria  Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Nitrogen-

Three basic shapes of bacteria

RodRod-shaped bacteria also known as bacilli  Spiral-shaped bacteria also known as Spiralspirilla  Sphere-shaped bacteria also known as Spherecocci


Kingdom Protista


Protists are usually unicellular or colonial. This is why they are not considered plants, animals, and fungi.
Plantlike protists also called algae  Animal-like protists also called protozoans Animal Funguslike protists also called absorptive protists


Plantlike protists


This division includes protists that are mostly photosynthetic.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Dinoflagellata Golden algae Diatoms Green algae Brown algae Red algae

AnimalAnimal-like protists


This division includes protists that ingest foods as do animals.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Rhizopoda Foraminifera Actinopoda Apicomplexa Zooflagellates Ciliophora

Funguslike protists


This division includes protists that resemble fungi.

1. 2. 3.

Myxomycota Acrasiomycota Oomycota

Kingdom Plantae


Classification of plants is very similar to classification of the animal kingdom, except that plants are divided into divisions instead of phyla.


Chlorophytes are green algae. They are the common ancestors of land plants.
1. 2. 3.

Bryophytes Seedless Vascular Plants Seed Plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms)

Bryophytes
Were the first land plants to evolve from chlorophytes. They include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.  Are also known as nonvascular plants.  Two evolutionary adaptations:

A

waxy cuticle cover to protect against water loss.  The packaging of gametes in structures known as gametangia.

Seedless Vascular Plants



The first vascular plants (also referred to as tracheophytes) to evolve did not have seeds.
 Xylem  Phloem

Two major evolutionary changes:

 The

switch from the gametophyte to the sporophyte generation of the life cycle.  The development of branched sporophytes, increasing the number of spores produced.

Seed Plants (Gymnosperms)



Three major evolutionary changes:

 Further

decline in the prominence of the gametophyte generation of the life cycle.  The birth of pollination.  The evolution of the seed.


A seed is a package containing the embryo and the food to feed the developing embryo that is surrounded by a nice protective shell.

Seed Plants (Angiosperms)

There are more angiosperm around than any other kind of plant.  There are two major classes of angiosperms:

 Monocotyledons  Discotyledons

Flowers are the main tools for angiosperm reproduction.

 Stamen

(anther), Carpel (ovary, style, stigma),

Petals

Evolutionary Trends in Plants

Dominant gametophyte to dominant sporophyte generation  Nonvascular to vascular  Seedless to seeds  Motile sperms to pollen  Naked seeds to seeds in flowers


Kingdom Fungi


Nearly all fungi are multicellular.

Hyphae filamentous structures.  Mycelium branching filaments of a hyphae.  Septae divide the hyphae filaments into different compartments.


Fungi that do not contain septae are called coenocytic fungi.

List of fungus-related organisms: fungusZygomycota  Basidiomycota  Ascomycota  Lichens  Molds  Yeasts



Kingdom Animalia
Animals lack cell walls.  Sexual reproduction is the norm.  The diploid stage is usually the dominant generation in the life cycle.  Most animals are mobile.  Animals are multicellular heterotrophs.  Animals store carbohydrates as glycogen, not starch as seen in plants.


Most animals undergo a process in which specialized tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) form during a process known as gastrulation.  Animals have specialized nervous and muscle tissue.  Animal cells contain tight junctions and gap junctions.


The Animal Phylogenetic Tree



Many people believe that the original common ancestor that started the whole process of animal evolution was most likely the choanoflagellate.

The 1st Major Branchpoint



Choanoflagellates
1.

Parazoa these organisms have no true tissues



Sponges

2.

Eumetazoa all other animals with true tissues

The 2nd Major Branchpoint



Eumetazoa (on the basis of body symmetry)

1.

Radiata those that have radial symmetry, which means that they have a single orientation.


Jellyfish, Corals, Hydras

2.

Bilateria those that have bilateral symmetry, which means that they have a top and a bottom as well as a head and a tail.

The 3rd Major Branchpoint



The next major split in the phylogenic tree for animal development involved the split of bilateral organisms into two further branches.
1.

2.

Acoeleomates animals with no vascular system. Animals with a vascular system and a body cavity.
a. b.

Pseudocoelomates Coelomates

The 4th Major Branchpoint



The final major branchpoint comes off from the coelomates.

1.

Protostomes a bilateral animal whose first embryonic indentation eventually develops into a mouth.


Annelids, Arthropods, and Mollusks

2.

Deuterostomes a branch that includes chordates and echinoderms. The first indentation of their embryos eventually develops into the anus.

Evolutionary Development


Embryonic developmental stage

 Mouth

for the protostomes  Anus for the deuterostomes

Angle of cleavages that occur during the early cleavage division of the embryo  The tissue from which the coelom divide.


Members of the various branches

1. 2. 3.

Porifera sponges Cnidaria sea anemones, jellyfish Platyhelminthes flatworms



Flukes, Planarians, Tapeworms

4. 5.

Rotifera Nematoda roundworms

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Mollusca snails, slugs, octopuses, squids Annelida earthworms, leeches Arthropoda Echinodermata sea stars Chordata invertebrates and vertebrates


Vertebrates fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

   

Dorsal hollow nerve cord Notochord Pharyngeal gill slits Tail