RENAISSANCE

ICLASSICAL IDEAS END OF MEDIVAL BEGINING OF MODERN ERA

recap

ITALY
EARLY RENAISSANCE 15th C HIGH RENAISSANCE AND MANNERISM -16th C BAROQUE & ROCOCO -17th and Early 18th C NEOCLASSICM mid 18th C Early 19th C

ENGLISH RENAISSANCE

FOLLIES 19th CENTURY DECORATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS ON PICTURESQUE LANDSCAPE MOSTLY SMALL SCALE; EXECUTED WITH FREEDOM EG: RECONSTRUCTION OF CASTLES,GOTHIC CHAPELS,CLASSICAL TEMPLES , PALLADIAN BRIDGES, CHIENESE PAGODAS PASSION FOR ANTIQUITY IT LED TO INCREASING INTEREST ON ANCIENT MONUMENTS

ARCHITECTURE THROUGH THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PERIOD

PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1. INCREASE IN URBAN POPULATION 2. GROWING URBAN WORKING CLASS 3. CHEAP LABOUR FOR GROWING INDUSTRIES 4. POLITICAL UNREST (MEXICO REV.-1911)

VARIETY IN USE OF HISTORIC STYLES DEPENDENCE ON THE PAST NEW TYPES OF BLDGS. (RLWY.ST, FACTORIES..)

STYLES 1. CLASSICAL STYLE - EVOKING ASPECTS OF CIVILISATION 2. INDUSTRAIL AND MERCANTILE MIDDLE AGES- SYMBOLICS ECLECTISM- COMBINING FEATURES FROM DIFF SOURCES TO TH ORIGINAL EFFECT

POST RENAISSANCE BUILDING TYPES

1. RAILWAY STATIONS 2. FACTORIES 3. DEPARTMENTAL STORES 4. PARLIAMENT BLDG. 5. TOWN HALLS 6. SCHOOLS 7. HOUSES AND FLATS 8. CURCHES

NO ANCIENT PRECEDENTS

ELABORATE

INTENSIVE IMITATION ACCEPTED

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MATERIALS AND CONST.TEC MATERIALS: STRUCTURAL IRON AND STEEL SHEET GLASS RCC TECHNIQUES: PREFABRICATED ELEMENTS PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DOMINO' PATENT DESIGN- LECOB'S CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM PARABOLIC CONCRETE THIN VAULTS

1850 1889

1887-89

2. VERNACULAR MATERIALS -RURAL AND SUBURB

WOODEN CONCTRUCTION PITCHED ROOFS

5. CAST IRON FACILITATED TALLER BLDG. AND OPEN INTERIOR SPACES

3. STRUCTURAL IRON WORK AND SHEET GLASS LARGER DISPLAY OF WINDOWS, SHOP FRONTS

6. RCC INVENTION CHALLENGED L.B.W

POST RENAISSANCE

1830 - 1900

PALAIS DE JUSTICE, LYON ( 1835 42) LOUIS PIERRE BALTARD RATIONAL CLASSICISM OF BEAUX ARTS 24 GIANT CORINTHIAN COLUMNS CENTRAL WIDER INTERCOLUMNATION

S.GEORGE'S HALL , LIVERPOOL (1840-54) NEO CLASSICAL AXIAL PLANNING,ELEMENTS EXPRESSED FREELY INSPIRATION PLANNING: GREAT BATHS OF CARACALLA,ROME

CENTRAL STATION, NEWCASTLE(1847-50)

ARCADED PORTICO CURVED IRON ROOF OVER PLATFORMS VICTORIAN CLASSICAL

REVIVALISM: LIBRARY OF S. GENEVIEVE 1844-50 LABROUSTE

Neo renaissance Symmetry and Formal design

Low ground Stack room and offices Low pitched metal roof Iron ties in masonry of facade

2nd storey Reading room 2 Barrel vault span

Decorative use of Iron: Scroll iron arches springing from Central line of slender cast iron column

THE PALM HOUSE, KEW GARDENS, LONDON (1845- 7) DECIMUS BURTON AND RICHARD TURNER Transformation from Decorative use to Display of structural properties iron. DOUBLE VAULT WROUGHT AND CAST IRON AND GLASS 110 M LONG; 18.9M HIGH; SPANS 32 M

THE CRYSTAL PALACE, LONDON (1850 1) JOSEPH PAXTON REMARKABLE 19th C STRUCTURE FN: GREAT EXHIBITION , HYDE PARK MOVED TO SYDENHEM(1852-4) BURNT 1936 COMPETITION PROJECT

Transformation from Decorative use to Display of structural properties iron.

MODULAR CONSTRUCTION PREFABRICATED IRON SECTIONS STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS TESTED BEFORE ERECTION CAST IRON FRAME ,RIDGE AND FURROW GLAZING SYSTEM

RESEMBL DOUBLE AISLE BASILICA ; 3TIRED; 124.4M SPAN 80.4M 36.5M AISLE AND NAVE DIVIDED BY TIERED OPEN GALLERIES

49-inch glass sheets capable of spanning between furrows 8 feet apart, with three ridges occurring every 24 feet."

RENAISSANCE REVIVALISM: NEW LOUVRE , PARIS 1852-7 UDOVICO TULLIO JOACHIM VISCOTI

RENAISSANCE REVIVALISM:

GRAND PAVILIONS MANSARD ROOFS PLAANING: 2 EXTENSIVE WINGS BUILT AROUND INTERNAL COURTYARD

RENAISSANCE REVIVALISM:

FREE TRADE HALL, MANCHESTER

(1853-4) EDWARD WALTER PALAZZO STYLE BOLD MOULDINGS , RICH DETAILS,

BALUSTRADE CORNICE SWAGGED FRIEZE

PIANONOBILEPEDIMENTED WINDOWS,ARCADE OF PAIRED IONIC COLUMNS AND CARVED TYMPANA (REPRESENT WORLD TRADE)

GF- OPEN ARCADE ,MASSIVE PIERS AND CARVED SPANDREL

ARCHITECT : VIOLET DE DUC APPARTMENT .HOUSE MEDIEVAL FORMS AS PARSIAN STREET ARCHITECTURE FACADE RECTANGULAR OPENINGS 4TH F.-IRON ESCAPE BALCONY ON STONE BRACKETS 2ND F.-WINDOWS WITH SHORT BALCONIES EMPHASISED BY HEAVY STONE HOODS

RUE DE DOUAI, PARIS (1857-60)

T H E O P E R A P A R I S

1861-74

J.L.C. GARNIER BAROQUE DEVELOPMENT BEAUX ARTS PRINCIPLES IN PLANNING- STRONG AXIAL PLANNING LARGE FOYER- WITH BRIGHTLY GILDED SCULPTURES , BAROQUE ELEMENTS,VAULTED PAINTED CEILING, GRAND STAIRWAY LEADING TO AUDITORIUM STAGE -EXTENSIVE AREA OPULENT GRANDUER; GOOD ARCHITECTONIC CONTROL EXTERIOR- HIGLY PLASTIC TREATMENT(CLASSICAL)

1870-1900

BON MARCHE, PARIS. 1852 DEPARTMENTAL STORE IRON GLASS STRUCT. ; CLASSICAL

Sacre coeur church , Paris 1875-1919 Byzantine influence

Paul Abadie 1919 fully completed Landmark Byzantine influence Medieval cathedral

PALAU GUELL , BARCELONA (1885-9)

ANTONI GAUDI FACADE TWIN PARABOLIC PORTALS GRILLS OF CURVILINEAR IRON WORK (PRESAGE ART NOVEAU) INTERIOR CLIMAXED BY HIGH CENTRAL ROOM WITH ORGAN'S AND MINSTREL'S GALLERY RISING TO A BLUE TILED PARABOLIC DOME

CASA VICENCE , BARCELONA 1878 DESIGNED GAUDI SUBURBAN VILLA STEPPED STALACTITIC FORM (ISLAMIC PRECEDENTS)

RUBBLE AND BRICK WALL EMBELLISHED WITH POLYCHROME TILES

AMERICA
SHINGLE ROOF CAPEN HOUSE,MASSACHUSETS LOG CABIN CONSTRUCTION DEEP BALCONIES AND PORCHES POST COLONIAL- NEOCLASSICISMEG: WHITE HOUSE TERRACE STYLE GREEK REVIVAL CLASSICAL STYLE IMPOSED IN LATIN AMERICA GOTHIC- 25 YRS PICTUREQUE OR GARDENESQUE VICTORIAN HLUSE STYLE BALOON FRAME STREETCAR SUBURB- 3 DECKER HOUSE WITH GABLES

WHITE HOUSE , WASHINGTON DC

White House, Washington DC (1792- 1829) Official residence of presidents of USA By James Hoban Anglo Irish Palladian style 1812 war damaged

STATE CAPITOL, RICHMOND , VIRGINA (1789-98) THOMAS JEFFERSON NEO CLASSICAL STYLE PALLADIAN : CELLA FENESTRATION IONIC ORDER EXTERNAL LINES OF ANTIQUE FORM ADOPTED

STATE HOUSE , BOSTON MASSACHUSSETS (1795-8) CHARLES BULFINCH FRENCH AND ENGLISH NEOCLASSICAL INFLUENCE ARCADED ENTRANCE COLONNADED LOGGIA ABOVE ADAM LIKE WINDOW AT EXTREME ENDS OF FACADE DOME INCORPORATED

WASHINGTON MONUMENT

FEDERAL STYLE

US STATE CAPITOL, WASHINGTON DC

UNITED STATES CAPITOL, WASHINGTON DC (1793 1867)

SEAT OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT WILLIAM THORTON PALLADIAN STYLE CENTRAL ROTUNDA REBUILT AFTER WAR IN 1812 FLANKING WINGS AND GREAT DOME LATER ADDITIONS REPLACING PANTHEON LIKE DOME DOME OF CAST IRON 30M INT.DIA. AND 68M HT.

Decorative half-timbering that interrupts the surface of the building Decorative trusses, braces and brackets Rectangular shapes Wood siding/wall cladding Steep, gabled roofs; usually with cross gables that show decorative trusses at the apex Overhanging eaves with exposed rafter ends Ornamental trusses (gable braces) One-story porches with diagonal or curved braces -wood construction -decorative wooden planks (or "stick work") which outline the underlying wood frame structure -intricate wooden details, such as lathe-turned spindles and jigsaw-cut brackets.

asymmetrical floor plan extensive exterior detailing. two-stories in height corner towers, turrets, or projecting bays. Exterior wall surfaces- mixtures of brick, wood siding, stone, and wood shingles. Large wraparound porches with milled columns and balusters are usually present on the main facade. Windows are one-over-one sash or of small multi-light design. Brackets or decorative vergeboard are often found in the gables . Eg: 711 Douglas Avenue and 600 E. Chicago Street.

1880 -1900

exterior wall sheathing of wood shingles (interlocking shapes and provide a rich texture to the exterior ) front porch columns are sheathed in shingles. Decorative windows and doors;turned porch railings and balusters.

STOUGHTON HOUSE , CAMBRIDE , MASSACHUCETS(1882-3)

1690s - 1830: Georgian Colonial House Styles

DANKMAR ADLER SULLIVAN

4300 SEATER GRAND OPERA LIT BY INCADECENT LAMPS CENTRAL AIRCONDITIONING

BEAUX ARTS:

WAINWRIGHT BUILDING, ST.LOUIS, MISSOURI (1890-1) (44.81 M Ht.) DANKMAR ADLER LOUIS SULLIVAN
STRIPPED CLASSICAL ARTICULATION 2 STOREY BASE SANDSTONE CLAD DEEP WINDOWS 7 STOREY SUPERSTRUCTURE PIERED ; LEAF ORNAMENTATION BET. PLAIN BRICK PIERS FOR EMPHASIS CROWNING DEEP FRIEZE AND CORNICE, TERRACOTTA SCROLL DECORARTION

WAINWRIGHT BUILDING, ST.LOUIS, MISSOURI (1890-1) DANKMAR ADLER LOUIS SULLIVAN STRIPPED CLASSICAL ARTICULATION CLASSICA 2 STOREY BASE 7 STOREY SUPERSTRUCTURE CROWNING DEEP FRIEZE AND CORNICE ORNAMENTATION BET. PLAIN BRICK PIERS FOR EMPHASIS

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Er. J. A. ROEBLING NY 1870-83 STEEL SUSPENSION CABLES STONE MASONRY PIERS 1600' LONG TWIN MASONRY SUPPORT TOWERS FOUNDATION 78' BELOW WATER

CAPEN HOUSE WHITE HOUSE , WASHINGTON DC US CAPITOL , WASHINGTON DC (1793- 1867) BOSTON SYMPHONY HALL AUDITORIUM BUILDING , CHICAGO WAINWRIGHT BUILDING

INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION EVOLUTION MODERN ARCHITECTURE UPTO FIRST WORLD WAR ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT ART NOUVEAU VIENNA SCHOOL CHICAGO SCHOOL MONUMENTALISM EXPRESSIONISM USE OF RCC

EVOLUTION OF THE MODERN ARCHITECTURE

an adoption of the principle that the materials and functional requirements determine the result an adoption of the machine aesthetic an emphasis of horizontal and vertical lines a creation of ornament using the structure and theme of the building, or a rejection of ornamentation. a simplification of form and elimination of "unnecessary detail" an adoption of expressed structure Form follows function

ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT

1. CONCERN FOR USE OF HONEST BUILDING MATERIALS 2. Rejecting excess aesthetic eclectism Promoted handmade
EG: DOUR MASONRY OF THE GLASGOW SCHOOL OF ARTS BY CHARLES MAKINTOSH , IS SUGGESTIVE OF TRADITIONAL SCOTTISH BUILDING EG:THE USE OF BRICKS IN THE AMSTERDAM STOCK EXCHANGE MARKET(1898-1903) BY HENDRICK BERLAGE

CONSERVATIVE IDEALS JOHN RUSKIN WILLIAM MORRIS PHILIP WEBB WILLIAM LETHABY GUSTAV STICKLEY CHARLES AND HENRY GREENE

PRINCIPLES 1. LEARNING & RESPECTING TRADITIONAL CRAFTS 2. CORRECT RELATIONSHIP OF DESIGN TO MATERIALS 3. RELATIONSHIP OF BUILDINGS TO THEIR SITE 4. REVERENCE FOR VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE AND ITS BUILDING TECHNIQUES.

LEARNING & RESPECTING TRADITIONAL CRAFTS

DID NOT DEMAND EXACT FINISH OR REFINEMENT

Wood, stone, or stucco siding Low-pitched roof ; Wide eaves with triangular brackets Exposed roof rafters Porch with thick square or round columns Stone porch supports Exterior chimney made with stone Open floor plans; few hallways Numerous windows ;Some windows with stained or leaded glass Beamed ceilings Dark wood wainscoting and moldings Built-in cabinets, shelves, and seating

Beaux Arts
Preference for ordered spirit in Buildings

USE OF classical Greek and Roman architecture with Renaissance

1885-1925

Postal savings bank Vienna 1904-06

cole des Beaux Arts in Paris -aesthetic principles of classical design supported Or Academic Classicism, or Classical Revival -a late and eclectic form of neoclassicism -characterized by order, symmetry, formal design, grandiosity, and elaborate ornamentation. -eg:United States, the Beaux Arts style led to planned neighborhoods with large, showy houses, wide boulevards, and vast parks. -Style commonly used for public buildings like museums, railway stations, libraries, banks, courthouses, and government buildings.

VIENNA SCHOOL
OTTO WAGNER

BUILDINGS SHOULD FIT THE PURPOSE , HABIT AND EMOTIONS OF MODERN LIFE ADOLF LOOS-PROMOTED RICH SIMPLIFIED SURFACES, OPEN PLANS AS CORRECT SETTING DUETSCHER WERKBUND(1907)-TO PROMOTE LINK BETWEEN INDUSTRY AND ARTS -HERMAN MUTHESIUS STYLELESSNESS INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS BY PETER BEHRENS, HANS POELZIG FLAT ROOFED, FREEPLAN, USE OF NEW INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING MATERIALS

Art Nouveau
They believed that the greatest beauty could be found in nature. Art Nouveau (French for "New Style") Maison de l'Art Nouveau, a Paris art gallery Against formal, classical approaches to design flourished in major European cities between 1890 and 1914. Art Nouveau in US - Louis Comfort Tiffany, Louis Sullivan, and Frank Lloyd Wright.

SPANISH MODERNISM BARCELONA

Roots from Spanish gothic, baroque, Art nouveau,tile vaulting, Catalan crafts(metal), Glass ceramics

Imbricated roof, Plastic Ovoid stone surrounds Slender bony columns Wall surface-blue,green glass

Casa batllo 1904-7

Sagrada familia basilca 1882 planned 1906-design completed

Darmstad ,Germany

Art Nouveau buildings have many of these features: Asymmetrical shapes Extensive use of arches and curved forms Curved glass Curving, plant-like embellishments Mosaics Stained glass Japanese motifs

Other Names for Art Nouveau: Style Moderne, in France Style Nouille (Noodle Style), in France Jugendstil, in Germany Sezession, in Austria Stile Liberty, in Italy Arte Noven, in Spain

Eg: in St. Louis, Missouri, by Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler Parque Gell in Barcelona, Spain by Antoni Gaud Majolika Haus in Vienna, Austria by Otto Wagner The Marquette Building in Chicago, Illinois, by William Holabird and Martin Roche with Coydon T. Purdy The Municipal House in Prague, Czech Republic

EXPRESSIONISM

Einstein Tower Potsdam(1920) Erich Mendelsohn.

Sculpted curves Functional Station for astraunomical Observation

EXPRESSIONIS M

distorted shapes fragmented lines organic or biomorphic forms massive sculpted shapes extensive use of concrete and brick lack of symmetry many fanciful works rendered on paper but never built

Chicago School
Steel frame blg Masonry cladding or terracotta clad Facadegrid baywindows,oriel windows

"Chicago window" three-part window of a large fixed center panel flanked by two smaller double-hung sash window

Architects Henry Hobson Richardson William Le Baron Jenney Martin Roche Louis Sullivan FL Wright

Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. Building Louis Sullivan

BAUHAUS Germany
1919-33 Between World wars Architecture of the new era

absence of ornamentation harmony between the function of an object or a building and its design.

unify art, craft, and technology. machine considered a positive element industrial and product design were important components. Vorkurs "Basic Design" course- foundational courses offered no teaching of history in the school because- design and create according to first principles rather than by following precedent. functional, economical and consistent with mass production

Weimer- 1919-25 ; Walter Gropius Desau 1925 32; Hannes Meyer Berlin 1932- 33 ; Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

3 CONNECTED WINGS /BRIGES- PI.N WHEEL CONFIG

2 STOREY STSPAN APPROACH ROAD FROM DESSAU LOWER ADMINISTRATION UPPER -PVT. OFFICE DORMITORIES,SCHOOL BIDG ATTCHED AS WINGS ASSEMBLE HALL,DINING SPACE AND STAGE BETWEEN RCC FRAMEWORK,BRICK WALLS MUSHROOM SHAPES CEILING AT LOWER LEVELS ASPHALT TILE ROOFING STRUCTURAL TRANSPERANCY

Chrysler Building NY

Stainless steel exterior hood ornaments, hubcaps, and abstract images of cars.

William Van Alen Year: 1928-1930 Height: 319 meters / 1,047 feet Stories: 77

AIG BUILDING, NY (1932 COMPLETED) ART DECO

POST MODERN

BRUTALIST STYLE

Alison and Peter Smithson,

AT&T Headquarters Philip Johnson

INTERNATIONAL STYLE 1984 Height: 197 meters / 647 feet Stories: 37