Respiration

Custard powder experiment

Did the food contain energy?

What kind of energy did it have to start with? What kinds of energy was this released as?

Comparing energy in carbohydrates, proteins and fats

Use different types of food to calculate which will give the most energy

Results
Food Material Mass of food (g) Starting temperature of water (0C) Finishing temperature of water (0C) Temperature rise (0C)

Carbohydrate

Protein

Fat

Calculating energy in food

A given amount of any substance always requires the same amount of energy to produce a particular increase in temperature. 1000g of water needs..4.2 kJ to make its temperature rise by 1 oC

Calculating the energy content of foods The formula to calculate the energy release is M = mass of 4.2 x M x T T=rise in
water (g)

1000

temperature ( C)

Now calculate the energy content of your foods

Calorimeter

Gases and respiration

A: Living Peas B: Dead Peas Burn a lighted splint in each gas jar.

Do other organisms respire?

breathing and respiration

1 Which type of energy does food contain? 2 What is this energy converted to by other organisms? Give at least 3 examples. (i) (ii) (iii) 3 What name is given to the process by which organisms release energy? 4 What kind of energy is always released in respiration?

The Chemistry of Respiration

energy and mitochondria clip

Adenosine triphosphate
The energy released during respiration is not used directly by cells. Instead it is used to make a molecule called ATP which stores the energy until it is needed. ATP = Adenosine triphosphate rip

What does ATP do?

ATP supplies energy for all the processes that need it. For example:
movement chemical reactions growth.

slow twitch/fast twitch investigation

Structure of ATP

adenosine

Pi

Pi

Pi

Formation of ATP
ATP is made when another molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is bonded to diphosphate (ADP) a third inorganic phosphate (Pi) using the energy released from glucose.

Energy from respiration

adenosine

Pi

Pi

Pi

Enzymes

adenosine

Pi

Pi

Pi

Energy Rich bond formed

Summarised as:
ADP + Pi ATP

The whole process is under the control of enzymes

The role of ATP

ATP stores the energy in the third bond of the molecule The energy is released when that bond is broken to release the third inorganic phosphate (Pi) .

adenosine

Pi
ATP

Pi

Pi

Enzymes

adenosine

Pi
ADP

Pi

Pi

Energy released to do work

Summary

ATP ATP energy (out)

cellular respiration

cellular respiration

energy (in) ADP + Pi

energy (out)

cell cell activities activities

The whole process is an enzyme controlled reaction.

Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration = respiration with oxygen. oxygen.

glucose + OXYGEN

energy + carbon dioxide + water (to make ATP)

Aerobic respiration happens in 2 stages:

Stage 1 Glycolysis glyco lysis

glucose

splitting

In glycolysis, a glucose molecule is broken down into pyruvic acid. glucose

energy released to make small quantity of ATP (2 molecules)

series of enzyme controlled reactions

pyruvic acid

Glycolysis does not require oxygen

Stage 2 Breakdown of pyruvic acid

The pyruvic acid made in glycolysis (stage1) still contains a lot of energy It can only be broken down to release the rest of the energy in the presence of oxygen. oxygen.

pyruvic acid

series of enzyme controlled reactions

energy released to make large quantity of ATP (36 molecules)

carbon dioxide + water

ATP production summary

glucose
2 ADP + 2 Pi = 2 ATP

pyruvic acid
36 ADP + 36 Pi = 36 ATP

carbon dioxide + water

Summary of ATP production

Stage 1 and 2 release all the chemical energy in one molecule of glucose to make a total of 38 ATP molecules.
2 molecules ATP from glucose p pyruvic acid 36 molecules ATP from pyruvic acid p carboncarbondioxide + water

Total 38 molecules ATP

Anaerobic Respiration (in animals)

anaerobic = in the absence of oxygen

In low oxygen conditions or during heavy exercise, when not exercise, enough oxygen can be supplied, muscle cells swap to anaerobic respiration

glucose
glycolysis still happens as it does not require oxygen

2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 ATP

pyruvic acid in absence of oxygen pyruvic acid is turned into lactic acid. lactic acid

A build up of lactic acid produces muscle fatigue. fatigue. Muscle fatigue makes muscles ache and contract less powerfully. A recovery period is needed. During this time more oxygen is taken in to convert the lactic acid back into pyruvic acid again. The volume of oxygen needed is called the oxygen debt. debt.

Summary
glucose

pyruvic acid
oxygen debt e.g. during hard exercise oxygen debt repaid during recovery time

lactic acid

Anaerobic Respiration in plants

The same process occurs in plants and yeast in low oxygen conditions, e.g. muddy, flooded soils.

glucose glycolysis still happens, producing 2 ATP molecules

2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 ATP
pyruvic acid

This time in absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is turned into carbon dioxide and ethanol

This is irreversible

ethanol + carbon dioxide

Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic Respiration in animals Oxygen required?
in plants and yeast

yes yes 38ATP yes

no yes 2ATP no

no yes 2ATP no Ethanol and carbon dioxide

Glycolysis occurs

ATP yield

Glucose completely broke down?

End products

Lactic acid Carbon dioxide and water

Task
Prepare a series of PowerPoint slides which show the importance of anaerobic respiration in the brewing and bread-making processes. breadPrepare a couple of slides to show the role of anaerobic respiration in the production of cheese and yogurt.
[Pages 4 -14 of your textbook will help you with these tasks if you are finding it difficult to find information on the internet].

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