Optical fibre communication losses and sensor applications

Fibre optic losses

Introduction
There are different types of losses in Fibre Optic The silica fibre optic has least Losses with operating wavelength of 1550nm The Single Mode fibre have huge advantages over Multimode fibre as this reduces the Pulse Dispersion. The negligible nonlinear effects or the shorter wavelengths are becoming very important in the propagation of waves without Loss

INTRINSIC LOSSES Numerical Aperture(NA) Mismatch Loss Numerical Aperture is defined as the maximum angle at which the signal propagates through the fiber. When the Numerical mismatch loss occurs the system will not get all the light transmitted through the fibre. Numerical Aperture Mismatch is shown below in the figure.

Core Diameter Mismatch Loss

When the Core diameter of the transmitting end is greater than the diameter of the receiving Core, the Core diameter Mismatch Loss occurs. It is shown in the below figure Apart from this when the Cladding Diameter of the two fibre are not same then the Cladding Diameter Mismatch Loss occurs

Concentricity Losses
In ideal Fibres Core and Cladding shares a Common Geocentric Centre, so the Fibre core and Cladding are arranged in a Concentric manner. Sometimes the Fibre Cores takes some value over the Cladding center. Ellipticity Losses Like the Fibre Cores and Cladding are Non-Conccentric , the Fibre cores are some times not Circular.

EXTRINSIC LOSSES

These Losses caused by misalignment of Fibre Connectors or Splices It is also caused by Angular Misalignment Extrinsic Factors causes attenuation in Splice. If the above criteria does not followed then there will be Attenuation in fibre which leads to Extrinsic Losses.

LATERAL DISPLACEMENT The Lateral Displacement occurs from Core diameter mismatch i.e., offset of core centres . We receive less strength of signal at receiver if the Lateral Displacement increases END SEPERATION The gap between the two fibres causes End separation Loss. Usually it occurs most of the times when the fibres are joined with high pressure

MICRO AND MACRO BENDING LOSSES

This is mainly Due to the bending of fibre optic cable

JOINING LOSSES This type of Losses occurs when both the ends of the two fibres not joined properly. This also occurs due to Misalignment of the Core of two fibres. Coupling efficiency = Pout/ Pin

MISALINGMENT LOSSES

Generally misalignment is causes due to the Latera displacement , Longatudinal displacement and angular displacement.

FIBRE OPTIC AS A SENSOR

INTRINSICSENSORS :

Generally fibre optic are used as sensor to analyze temperature, strain, Pressure, level of liquid, magnetic field etc. In Intrinsic Sensors the change takes place only in the Fibre. M icrobending is the Example for Pressure Sensor. Pressure Sensor increases the Attenuation in the Fibre .

EXTRINSICSENSORS :

Unlike the Intrinsic sensors , the change takes place outside of the fibre optic in the Extrinsic Sensor. Extrinsic sensor uses a Optical

REASONS FORUSINGOPTICALSENSORS

Immunizationof electromagnetic Isolationof electrical Signal Less weight andCompatible Configuratedfor Point andDistributed HighDynamic range

si gnals.

as well

W ORKINGPRINCIPLEOFOPTICALSENSOR

The W orking principle of Optical sensor is shownclearly in the above diagram it Light beamis travelling fromOptical source . and it is changing phenom enonm easured at M easured Zone and it is passes through m ediumand takenthe output signal at Optical Detector.

W ORKINGPRINCIPLEOFOPTICALSENSOR
EXTRINSIC SENSORS

The Below figure shows Optical Fibre as Extrinsic Sensor. The applied Light source is passes through the fibre and Fed by the feed fibre and the change takes place outside the fibre . the light after modulating travels through the Return fibre and is Received at the Light Detector. Hence the Extrinsic Sensor.

W ORKINGPRINCIPLEOFOPTICALSENSOR
INTRINSIC SENSORS Unlike the Extrensic Sensor , the change takes place inside the fibre. From the below figure , the Light source is travelling through one fibre , it is feed and the change takes place inside the fibre by applying Pressure from Top and Bottom sides of the fibre. Then the Light signal will be modulated and it is received at the Light Detector placed at the Receiving end of the Second fibre. Hence Intrinsic Sensor.

COMPARISON BETWEEN INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC SENSOR

EXTRINSIC SENSOR

Magnetic Field ,Levelof Liquid Flow, Temperature, Pressure, Angular Notation, Proximity, flow of Control etc are the main Applications of Intrinsic Sensors. Very Easy to Use Low Cost Less Sensitive Very Difficult to Connect. More Connection Problems. It can be easy to the Multiplexer

INTRINSIC SENSOR
Strain or Stress, Vibration, Speed, Acoustic Pressure, Vibration, Angular Rotations,etc are the main Applications of Intrinsic Sensors. Very Difficult to use and maintain. Very High Cost More sensitive Easy to Connect and Reduces the Connection Problems. Difficult to the Multiplexer

MEASUREMENT OF FLUID LEVEL IN FIBRE OPTIC

From the figure we can measure the Level of the fluid in the Optical Fibre. The Fluid which has high refractive index as in second picture effected by the Total Internal Reflection and the Light beam is Travelling directly into the Fluid. Hence we can note level of the Fluid at the Detector Placed at the Optical Receiver. This type of Sensor can not able to give the Continuous measurement of Fluid but it simple , cheaper, sensitive and inflammable.

FIBRE OPTIC FLOW METER

The below figure shows the illustration of Fibre Optic Flow Meter. In this Generally a A multimode optical fiber is inserted across a pipe such that the liquid flows past the transversely stretched fiber. The turbulence resulting from the fibers presence causes it to oscillate at a frequency roughly proportional to the flow rate

TWO ARM INTERFEROMETRIC SENSOR The most sensitive passive optical sensors to date employ an interferometric approach as illustrated in fig. these devices interfere coherent monochromatic light propagating in a strained or temperature varying fiber with light either directly from the laser source, or guided by a reference fiber isolated from the external influence.

Fiber optic communication link

Conclusion
In this Optical Fibre Communication assignment I have learnt about the different types of losses in the fiber optics and got clear idea about the losses and how to reduce the losses. Secondly I have learnt about the different types of optical sensors and how they are used to measure the physical quantities like pressure, stress or strain, temperature, liquid level, displacement, acceleration and liquid flow by using liquid flow meter.