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HCl(aq)
H+(aq) +
Cl-(aq)
Weak acids: dissociate partially with a high proportion of the acid remaining in the undissociated form.
Example:
CH3COOH(aq)
Strong Acid
Weak Acid
Arrhenius concept is correct but limited because: y it applies only to aqueous solutions y allow for only one kind of base (the hydroxide ion)
Brnsted-Lowry model
A Brnsted acid is a proton donor A Brnsted base is a proton acceptor
base
acid
acid
base
According to Brnsted-Lowry theory: y Acid salts (NaHSO4) and ammonium ions are considered as acids y All anions, water, ammonia, oxides and hydroxide ions are considered as bases.
Acid HSO4NH4+ 2H3O+ H3O+ + + + + Base OHOHS2NH3 Base SO42NH3 2H2O H2O + + + + Acid H2O H2O H2S NH4+
Identify each of the following species as a Brnsted acid, base, or both. (a) HI, (b) CH3COO-, (c) H2PO4HI (aq) H+ (aq) + Br- (aq) Brnsted acid
CH3COOH (aq)
Brnsted base
4.3
Acids
y
Acids are often formed from the reaction between an oxide of a non-metal and water.
y Examples:
SO3 + H2 O H2 SO4 (aq) sulphuric acid
CO2 + H2 O
H2 CO3 (aq)
carbonic acid
Chemical formula HCl HNO3 H2 SO4 H3 PO4 H2 CO3 H NO2 These are sometimes used These are often used
sulphurous acid
H2 SO3
Properties of Acids
1- Have a sour taste. Vinegar owes its taste to acetic acid. Citrus fruits contain citric acid. 2- Turn litmus paper to RED, Corrosive to metals 3- React with certain metals to produce salts and hydrogen gas. 2HCl (aq) + Mg (s) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
4- React with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce salt, carbon dioxide gas and water 2HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s) . CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
Properties of Acids
5- React with bases and neutralize them
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O(l)
6- All acids are electrolytes and give hydrogen ions when dissolved in water (Aqueous acid solutions conduct electricity)
HCl(aq) H2SO4 (aq) HNO3 (aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) 2H+ (aq) + H+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) NO3 - (aq)
Bases
y The oxides of metals belong to a group,
which can be thought of as opposite to acids. They are called bases. y Some hydroxides of metals are also bases
Base
Chemical Formula
Note
y The bases which dissolve in water are given a
special name: ALKALIS. y The most common alkalis are sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). y There is one unusual alkali and that is ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH). In this compound the ammonium ion, NH4+, is present instead of a metal.
1 All alkalis turn litmus paper BLUE. 2 Bases feel slippery, taste bitter, and become less
basic when mixed with acid 3 Alkalis react with many metal ions. They form precipitates.
CuSO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) Cu (OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
[NB: Note that the precipitate (Cu (OH)2(s)) does not ionize in solution]
Q1: Write down the following equation as an ionic equation: FeSO4 (aq) + 2KOH (aq) Fe(OH)2 (s) +K2SO4 (aq) Answer: Fe2+ (aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2K+ (aq) + OH-(aq) + 2K+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)
Fe(OH)2 (s)
4- An acid and a base react together to form a salt and water. CuO(s) + H2SO4 (aq) Base Acid CuSO4 (aq) + H2O(l) Salt Water
5- All bases contain oxide or hydroxide ions. Examples: a. Copper (II) oxide CuO contains Cu2+ and O2(oxide) ions b. Sodium Hydroxide NaOH contains Na+ and OH- (hydroxide) ions. (NB: All alkalis are soluble in water to give solutions, which contain hydroxide ions)
Questions: 1 Write an equation for the combustion of potassium (reaction with oxygen). Will the oxide formed be acidic or basic? K(s) + O2(g) K2O(s)
2 Write down the equation for the reaction of calcium
carbonate and nitric acid. CaCO3 (aq) +HNO3 (aq) CO2(g) + H2O (l)
Ca(NO3)2 (aq) +
a. potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid KOH(aq) + HCl(aq) KCl(aq) + H2O (l) b. sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
Na2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
acids (A), bases (B) or salts (S) NaNO3 (S) HCl (A) Fe(OH)2 (B) FePO4 (S) H3PO4 (A) CuO (B) Na2SO4 (S) Na2O (B)
LiI (S) H2SiO3 (A) (NH4)3PO4 (S) Ba(OH)2 (B) CoSO4 (S)
(dissociate) into ions when dissolved in water y A strong acid dissociates completely into its ions e.g. hydrochloric acid (which donate all their protons to water)
2HCl(aq) 2H+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
A weak acid only dissociates partially into its ions (e.g. ethanoic acid-commonly called acetic acid) CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)
The dissociation of a weak acid is normally showed with an equilibrium arrow (both reactants and products are present in solution)
y The same applies to alkalis. Strong alkalis completely break up into ions. y Example of strong alkali dissociation: y NaOH(aq)
Na+(aq)
OH-(aq)
Weak alkalis are only partly broken up into ions when dissolved in water. y Example of weak alkali dissociation:
y NH4OH(aq)
NH4+(aq)
OH-(aq)
Strong Acids are strong electrolytes HCl (aq) + H2O (l) HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) HClO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) H3O+ (aq) + ClO4- (aq) H3O+ (aq) + HSO4- (aq)
Weak Acids are weak electrolytes HF (aq) + H2O (l) HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) HSO4- (aq) + H2O (l) H2O (l) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + F- (aq) H3O+ (aq) + NO2- (aq) H3O+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Ba(OH)2 (s)
H2O
Weak Bases are weak electrolytes F- (aq) + H2O (l) NO2- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + HF (aq) OH- (aq) + HNO2 (aq)
Conjugate acid-base pairs: The conjugate base of a strong acid has no measurable strength. H3O+ is the strongest acid that can exist in aqueous solution. The OH- ion is the strongest base that can exist in aqeous solution.
Acid Hydrochloric Acid Nitric Acid Sulphuric Acid Phosphoric Acid Carbonic Acid Sulphurous Acid Acetic Acid (Ethanoic Acid)
Strength of Acid These acids are almost completely ionized. These are STRONG ACIDS
These acids are not completely ionized. These are WEAK ACIDS
Alkali
They are WEAK ALKALI These acids are not completely ionized.
pH A Measure of Acidity
pH = -log [H+]
pH = 7 pH < 7 pH > 7
pH
[H+]
[H+] 1 X 100 1 x 10-1 1 x 10-2 Acids 1 x 10-3 1 x 10-4 1 x 10-5 1 x 10-6 Neutral 1 x 10-7 1 x 10-8 1 x 10-9 1 x 10-10 Bases 1 x 10-11 1 x 10-12 1 x 10-13 1 x 10-14
pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Example HCl Stomach acid Lemon juice Vinegar Soda Rainwater Milk Pure water Egg whites Baking Soda Tums antacid Ammonia Mineral Lime - Ca(OH)2 Drano NaOH Strong alkali Weak Alkali Neutral Weak Acid Strong Acid
pOH = -log [OH-] [H+][OH-] = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14 -log [H+] log [OH-] = 14.00 pH + pOH = 14.00
The pH of rainwater collected in a certain region of the northeastern United States on a particular day was 4.82. What is the H+ ion concentration of the rainwater? pH = -log [H+] [H+] = 10-pH = 10-4.82 = 1.5 x 10-5 M The OH- ion concentration of a blood sample is 2.5 x 10-7 M. What is the pH of the blood? pH + pOH = 14.00 pOH = -log [OH-] = -log (2.5 x 10-7) = 6.60 pH = 14.00 pOH = 14.00 6.60 = 7.40
Indicators
y a substance undergoing a visual change with changes
in pH. y a weak acid or a weak base which dissociates with changes in the pH of the medium HIn (aq) H+ (aq) + In- (aq) Undissociated dissociated (one color) (different color)
y The undissociated form of the indicator has a
Salts
Preparation and Properties Salts are ionic compounds
a positive ion a metal ion or an ammonium ion a negative ion and is a non-metal
1.
Reaction between an Acid and a Base The positive ion in the salt comes from the base and the negative ion comes from the acid
Ca (OH)2
y Sodium Sulphate Na2SO4 formed from H2SO4
+ NaOH
y Ammonium Sulphate (NH4)2SO4 formed from
H2SO4 + NH4OH
Q2: Which Alkalis and acids would you use to make each of these
salts?
Q3: Use your knowledge of the charges on ions to work out the formulae of the following salts:
Some metals react with an acid to produce a salt and hydrogen gas. Zn (s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
2KNO3(aq) + CO2(g) +
from each solution) combine to form an insoluble salt, which precipitates. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI (aq) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) PbI2(s) + KNO3(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2HNO3(aq)
yAn ionic equation can be written and the spectator ions removed
to give
Pb2+ (aq)
2I-(aq)
PbI2(s)
Q5: a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between potassium carbonate and magnesium nitrate. (Use the rules on the next page to determine the solubility of salts)
Mg(NO3)2(aq) + K2CO3 (aq) KNO3(aq) MgCO3(s) +2
b) Convert the equation in a) into an ionic equation. Remove the spectator ions. Mg 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2K+ + CO3 2-(aq) MgCO3(s) + 2K+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Mg 2+ (aq) + CO3 2-(aq) MgCO3(s)
Na+, K+, Cs+, Rb+) and the ammonium ion (NH4+) are soluble. 3 Most chloride, bromide and iodide salts are soluble. Notable exceptions are salts containing the ions, Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+
4- Most sulphate (SO42-) salts are soluble. Notable exceptions are BaSO4, PbSO4, SrSO4, HgSO4, and CaSO4 are slightly soluble (i.e. they can be considered as being insoluble at room temperature) 5- Most hydroxide (OH-) salts are only slightly soluble. The important soluble hydroxides are NaOH and KOH. Ba(OH)2 and Ca(OH)2 are marginally soluble. (i.e. they can be considered as being insoluble at room temperature)
6- Most sulphide (S2-), carbonate (CO32-) and phosphate (PO43-) are insoluble. Exceptions are alkali metals and NH4+ and sulphides of Ca, Sr and Mg.