BIO DIESEL-WHY & HOW ?

DIESEL-

N.R.Raje

NRRaje Feb 06

The Indian Petroleum Scenario

    

Consumption of petroleum products Import of crude & POL (2003-04) Production of crude Consumption of HSDO & LDO Consumption of motor gasoline (petrol)

-120 MMT - 90 MMT - 33 MMT - 45 MMT - 10 MMT

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Oil Economy
  

 

Oil import constitutes a major part of our trade deficit and has an enormous impact on our economy and creation of new jobs We spent annually more than 150,000 crores on import of petroleum Some day we may be faced with an oil crisis that is not temporary; today oil field discovery and production is on the decline. Developing a strong market for bio diesel would have tremendous economic benefits Investments in biodiesel technology may ensure that we have transportation fuel options and we will not be so vulnerable

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Bio Fuels
Oxygenated organic compounds from cellulosic biomass Bio ethanol, Biodiesel Others include: bio methanol, DME, ETBE, pyrolysis oils, FischerTropsch fuels Can provide a market share of ~15%

Why Bio Fuels?

    

SECURITY OF SUPPLY SUSTAINABILITY REDUCTION OF GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REGIONAL (RURAL) DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL STRUCTURE & AGRICULTURE
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Bio Diesel


Made by chemically combining any natural oil or fat with an alcohol Most European Countries, North America and Canada have active Biodiesel programmes France currently the largest producer USA produced 30 million gallons in 2004.
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VEGETABLE OILS AS FUELS

THE USE OF VEGETABLE OILS FOR ENGINE FUELS MAY SEEM

INSIGNIFICANT TODAY. BUT SUCH OILS MAY BECOME IN COURSE OF TIME AS IMPORTANT AS PETROLEUM AND COAL TAR PRODUCTS OF THE PRESENT TIME - Rudolf Diesel at the Engg Society of St. Louis, 1912

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Wide Acceptance


By diesel vehicle industry Audi BMW Deutz Iseki Massey-Ferguson Puegot Renault Skoda Steyr Volvo Case John Deere Mercedes-Benz Same Valmet Claas Kubota Nissan Seat Volkswagen

By the fuel trade; e.g, Texaco, Shell, Total  By the end-user bus companies, taxi fleets, forestry enterprises, boat owners  More than 100 production sites (capacity 500-120,000 tons/annum)

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Raw Materials
      

Rapeseed, the major source (>80%) Sunflower oil (10%, Italy and Southern France) Soybean oil (USA) Palm oil (Malaysia) Linseed, olive oils (Spain) Cottonseed oil (Greece) Beef tallow (Ireland), lard, used frying oil (Austria), Jatropha (Nicaragua), NRRaje Feb 06 (China) Guang-Pi

Bio diesel Production Basics



Three basic routes

 Base catalysed transestrification  Acid catalysed transestrification  Conversion of oil to fatty acids and then to Easter by acid catalysis

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Bio Diesel - Manufacture

CH2-O-COR | CH-O-COR | CH2-O-CO-R (100 kg) Oil (10.55 kg) Alcohol (.1 kg) KOH (100 kg) Bio Diesel + 3ROH KOH, rt, 6h 3RCOOR + CH-OH | CH2-OH (10.55 kg) Glycerin CH2-OH |

NRRaje Feb 06

Base Catalysed Transestrification

      

Most popular of all method >90% of all bio diesel by this method Low temperature ( 150o F) and pressure (20 PSI) High conversion (>98%) Minimum side reactions Direct conversion- No intermediate step Ordinary material of construction

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Effect of Free Fatty Acid (FFA)

Soap formation  Excessive utilization of alkali  Loss of yield  Slower reaction  Incomplete conversion


For best conversion FFA should be lower than 0.8%

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Troubleshooting in high FFA containing oils

 Formation

of soap  Reduction in catalyst efficiency  Separation process is difficult  Low yield of Easter (Bio diesel)  Therefore, two stage method was used
 Esterification of FFA with mineral acid  Tranesterification with lye
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Bio diesel Process Flow Diagram

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US & European specification

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Indian Specification (BIS) for Bio Diesel

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DIESEL vs BIODIESEL
Me Ester Density 150C, g/l Viscosity 400C, mm2/s 4.3-4.5 Cetane number Iodine value Lower heating value (MJ/kg) 37

Palm oil

872-877

64.3-70.0

52

Rapeseed oil Soybean oil Diesel fuel

882

4.2

51-59.7

114

37.2

880

4.0

45.7-56.0

131

37.1

830-840

1.2-3.5

51

42.7

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BIODIESEL / DIESEL DATA

PROPERTIES Diesel IS 1460 Specification 820 to 870 Max. 0.3 Max. 0.01 Max. 0.25 Min. 48 Min. 35 Max. 1 2.0 to 5.0 Max. 0.2 N/A N/A Max. 6(W) 30C NA Biodiesel ASTM 6751 Specification NA Max 0.05 Max 0.020 Max 0.05 Min 47 Min 100 No. 3b max 1.9-6.0 Max 0.8 Max 0.02 Max 0.24 NA NA 0.01 Proposed BIS Specifications (B100) 860-900 Max 0.05 Max 0.02 Max 0.005 Min 51 Min 120 Max 1 2.5-6.0 Max 0.50 Max 0.02 Max. 0.25 NA NA NA DATA B5 DATA B20 DATA (B100)

Density (g/cm3) Carbon Residue (100%) % mass Sulphated Ash , % mass Total Sulfur, % mass Cetane Number Flash Point,0C Copper Corrosion Viscosity, 40 0C(cSt) Neutralization Value (mg) Free Glycerin,% mass Total Glycerin,% mass CFPP, (0C) Pour Point deg C Water and sediments, (% mass)

834.2 0.04 0.002 0.02 50.4 39.5 1 2.497 0.1 NA NA 0.0 -6 0.05

854.7 0.01 0.002 0.04 54.6 77 1 3.25 0.2 NIL 0.05 -1 -3 0.04

885.7 0.01 0.001 NIL 56.6 103 1 4.10 0.04 0.01 0.22 0.0 NA <0.01

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HEAT OF COMBUSTION
Petro-diesel Biodiesel (soybean) 130,500 BTU/gallon 128,000

Petro-diesel Biodiesel (Rapeseed)

18,400 BTU/lb 17,900 BTU/lb

Net fuel combustion efficiency is increased most noticed at low rpm and high engine load
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POWER OUTPUT
Small difference in overall power output SRI Study (Cummins truck engine) 20% Blend Neat 98.5% relative to petrodiesel 92%

Tennessee Study (Volvo marine engine, 110 HP)

Neat biodiesel power output 2-7% lower At max throttle (3800 rpm), both fuels performed the same At the lowest engine speed (1855 rpm), at full throttle and heavy load, power output was 13% higher

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FUEL CONSUMPTION
 Biodiesel contains ~10% oxygen  Consequently, slight increase in the apparent fuel consumption rate  2% for B20 blend; 14% for B100 (Cummins engine)  Brake-specific fuel consumption figures Petrodiesel 0.43 lb/HP-hr B20 0.44 B100 0.50
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LUBRICITY
LONG TERM ENGINE WEAR EXTENSIVELY STUDIED IN EUROPE & THE US EXXON STUDY B20 PROVIDE, SIGNIFICANT, QUANTIFIABLE IMPROVEMENTS IN WEAR (193 MICRON SCAR VERSUS 492 MICRON SCAR FOR PETRODIESEL) FRICTION 0.13 MICRON SCAR (B20); 0.24 MICRON SCAR (DIESEL) FILM FORMING ABILITY 93% FILM (B20); 32% FILM (DIESEL) B20 COMPARED FAVOURABLY WITH EXXONS OWN LUBRICITY ADDITIVE COMMENTS FROM STANADYNE AUTOMOTIVE Inc: 1. 2. LUBRICITY TEST HAVE SHOWN THAT UPTO 2% OF BIODIESEL IS ENOUGH TO MAKE ANY DISTILLATE FUEL FULLY LUBRICIOUS; SINCE BIODIESEL IS A FUEL ITSELF, THERE ARE NO TECHNICAL ISSUES RELATED TO OVERDOSING WHICH ARE PRESENT WITH CONVENTIONAL LUBRICITY ADDITIVES

IOC R&D HAS ALSO DONE EXTENSIVE STUDIES ON LUBRICITY ASPECTS-PAPER PRESENTED IN THE LAST WPC

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EXHAUST EMISSIONS
Tests conducted at southwest research institute, Texas on a Cummins n14 diesel truck engine (direct injected, 4-stroke, 6 cylinder  Regulated emissions Total hydrocarbons (hc) Carbon monoxide (co) Oxides of nitrogen (nox) Particulate matter (pm) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah) Nitrated pah  Results compared with those of #2 diesel

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EMISSIONS (contd)

HC emissions essentially eliminated CO emissions reduced by 50% NOx emissions 13% higher PM reduced by 30% Reduced insolubles in PM by more than 80% Soluble organic fraction increased by ~40% Net redn in particulates, 30% Sulfate emissions essentially eliminated Also quantitated individual hydrocarbons species (C1-C12) and also aldehydes and ketones Assessed the ozone forming potential of total speciated hydrocarbons For neat bio diesel, the total speciated hydrocarbons, ~50% less Ozone forming potential of these HC reduced by the same extent Significant reduction in most of the aldehyde components NRRaje Feb 06 Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, 30% lower

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS



An inventory of energy flow to and from the environment during the life cycle of a product (cradle to grave) Study conducted by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado, USA Provides the fuels energy balance, its effect on greenhouse gas emissions and on the generation of air, water and solid pollutants for every operation carried out during its preparation and storage

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LIFE CYCLE EMISSIONS CO2

Biodiesel generates 573.96 g/bhp-h compared to 548.02 g/bhp-h for petroleum diesel  The higher CO2 levels result from more complete combustion  The overall life cycle emissions are 78.45% lower for biodiesel; direct result of carbon cycling by the soybean plants

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CARBON TRADING POTENTIAL

Reduction in GHG (CO2) 1 Ton bio-diesel avoids Appx 3 ton CO2e Certified Emission reduction (CER) 1 ton of CO2e 1 CER @ US $ 5 75 p/ liter additional revenue

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STORAGE, HANDLING

Standard Handling And Storage Practice As With Petroleum Diesel

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EFFECT ON ENGINE SEALS, GASKETS, HOSES

Bio diesel has strong solvent properties Natural rubber and soft plastics especially vulnerable Problem substantially reduced for the B20 blend The only hose and gasket material that is truly resistant to biodiesel is Viton

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BIODIESEL vs OTHER ALTERNATE FUELS

DIESEL CNG LNG METHANOL ETHANOL BIODIESEL ___________________________________________________________________________ Vehicle cost 10 5 5 5 5 10 Infrastructure 10 2 5 5 5 10 Safety 7 4 3 1 3 8 Operating range 10 5 10 10 10 10 Operating cost 10 5 7 5 5 7 Reliability 10 7 5 3 3 10 Customer acceptance 5 8 8 8 9 8 Funding assistance 1 10 2 0 2 2 Training cost 10 5 5 5 5 10 Fuel availability 10 10 5 5 5 6 Fuel quality 9 5 10 8 8 9 Fuel price stability 6 8 8 6 6 6 TOTAL 98 74
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66

96

__

PROMOTION of Bio-diesel..

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Europe
1. EU announces total exemption (reduction) of tax on pure & low blended bio fuels for at least 6 years w.e.f. 01.01.2004 extendable for another 6 years. Effective Reduction in duty in Germany 587 $/MT 2. Adoption of Directive 2003/30/EC of The European Parliament And of The Council of 8th May 2003 promotion of the use of bio fuels for transport.

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United States
"Consumers and businesses need reliable supplies of energy to make our economy run so I urge you to pass legislation to modernize our electricity system, promote conservation, and make America less dependent on foreign sources of energy." -Mr.George W.Bush
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United States
A biodiesel tax incentive was included in the Final Energy Bill. 1 cent per % point of biodiesel blended with petroleum diesel.

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Europe


EU Finance Minister adopted a political agreement to allow Governments to exempt transport bio fuels,such as biodiesel,from Excise Duties applied to Conventional Fuels. EU target for bio fuels : At least 2% of total petrol & diesel within transport sector by 2005, to increase by 0.75% each year thereafter to reach 5.75% by 2010. EU announces exemption of Tax on pure & low Bio fuels for at least 6 years w.e.f. 01.01.2004

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Germany


A total exemption from the Excise Duty on Mineral Oil for pure & blended Bio fuels w.e.f. January 2004 up to 31st December 2009,which is based on % of Bio fuels included in Final blend. Higher the proportion,greater the reduction.

No excise tax for biodiesel substituting standard fuels,either unblended or blended with fossil diesel in the vehicle tank.  The 2003 Budget Bill allows for a complete exemption of Excise Duties of up to 409 Euro / Kl on all fuels derived from bio mass including Biodiesel.  Tax incentive for VOME (470 Euro/M3) includes Carbon tax incentive & only applies to pure VOME.


Tax Incentive $ 607/ MT

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France
 

Biodiesel to substitute 5% of Diesel fuel by 2005. Excise Taxes on Petroleum products do not apply to Bio fuels. Tax incentive adopted for VOME mixed with diesel within allotted quota, 320,000 MT/year for Biodiesel.

Tax Incentive $ 490/ MT

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Austria
The Austrian Law on Tax Reforms 2000 exempts the use of pure Bio diesel & the blending of it .  100 % tax exemption on pure Biodiesel  100% tax exemption if up to 2% biodiesel is blended with diesel fuel.  Currently a tax incentive of 290 Euro/M3 applies to pure VOME used in motor fuel blends up to 2%.


Tax Incentive $ 431/ MT

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United Kingdom
UK Government has EU targets to replace 2% fossil fuels by renewable fuels by 2005, to reach 5% by 2010.  UK Government offered 20 pence per litre duty incentive for Biodiesel on January 1,2003.  UK is authorized to apply a differentiated rate of Excise Duty to fuels containing Biodiesel


Tax Incentive $ 205/ MT

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Summary of Support EU
Fee stock rice of Processing Tota cost for Fee stock Cost of biodiese Biodiese in $/MT in $/MT in $/MT 3=(1+2) 1 2 Austria apeseed o 590 500 1 090 Finland apeseed o 590 500 1 090 France apeseed o 590 500 1 090 Germany un o e o 565 500 1 065 Greece apeseed o 590 500 1 090 Ireland un ower oil 565 500 1 065 Sun lower oil 565 500 1 065 Italy Portugal Sun lower oil 565 500 1 065 Spain Sun lower oil 565 500 1 065 590 500 1 090 Sweden Rapeseed oil Rapeseed oil 590 500 1 090 U.K. Country PROCESSING COST BREAK - UP Pa cu a s $ he he ca s 80 e o eco e ed yp oduc s ue ec c y 100 Labou o he ac o y e penses 100 ep ec a on 60 n e es 60 Processor's arg n 100 Total Processing Cost 500

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Summary of Support /subsidy EU

Country Diesel Price Duty on Diesel Total cost Subsidy given net of duty Diesel Price of biodiesel on biodiesel
$/MT 584 581 541 517 591 502 627 536 544 718 385 $/MT 353 433 486 588 306 525 504 374 366 435 1,060 $/MT 936 1,014 1,027 1,104 897 1,027 1,130 910 910 1,153 1,445 $/MT 1,090 1,090 1,090 1,065 1,090 1,065 1,065 1,065 1,065 1,090 1,090 $/MT 431 625 490 607 Not Known Not Known 598 374 579 511 205

Austria Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Portugal Spain Sweden U.K.

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Biodiesel production remained flat until the creation of USDAs Bioenergy Program in FY 2000 that caused production to jump from about 2 million gallons to 6.5 million gallons in FY 2001
1000 gallons 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0

The Farm Bill extends USDAs Bioenergy Program to 2006

Congress amends EPACT to include biodiesel The National Soy Fuels Advisory Committee was Established in 1992 USDA started the Bio energy Program under the authority of the CCC Charter Act

NRRaje Feb 06 Source: Anecdotal information and USDA, Farm Services Agency

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

CAN BIODIESEL WORK IN INDIA?



India with just 2.4% of global area supports more than 16% of the human population and 17% of the cattle population India is one of the largest importers of edible oil Where do we find the oil for biodiesel? A sustainable source of vegetable oil is to be found before we can think of biodiesel
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JATROPHA THE ANSWER?

Jatropha (Jatropha curcas, Ratanjyot, wild castor) thrives on any type of soil Needs minimal inputs or management Has no insect pests, not browsed by cattle or sheep Can survive long periods of drought Propagation is easy Rapid growth; forms a thick live hedge after only 9 months of planting Yield from the 3rd year onwards and continues for 25-30 years Yield from established plantations in Brazil, 1.5 to 2.3 tons per hectare 25% oil from seeds by expelling; 30% by solvent extraction The meal after extraction an excellent organic manure (38% protein) According to the National Mission on Bio Fuels out of 197 million hectors,13.4 MH available for Jatropha plantation
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BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA

1 MILLION HECATRES OF WASTE LAND IS BROUGHT UNDER JATROPHA CULTIVATION Can yield 0.8-1 million tons of oil For 66.9 MMT diesel (Projected 2011-12) 13 MMT bio diesel for 20% blend 11 MH land required 11 million jobs

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Initiatives taken by Govt



  

 

Planning commission  Committee formed  Report Indian Railways Planted 7.5 million Jatropha plants on railway track Bureau of Industrial Standards (BIS) has given specification for pure bio-diesel (B100) MOP&NG  MSP of Bio-diesel Rs.25/- per liter  20 centres designated for blending Oil marketing companies to make available comprehensive industry guidelines Operation, Quality & Safety IOC R&D taken up extensive studies
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Phase I Demonstration Project

4 laks ha has been phased in 3 years i.e. 80,000 ( 2006-07), 1.6 lakh (2007-08)and 1.6 lakh (2008-09) by the MORD  The quality planting material for total 4 lakh ha areas is to be arranged by the NOVOD Board and DST  Quality planting material means- The seed should be selected from superior plants having yield of 2 kg per plant and oil content should be more than 30%


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TARGET OF BIO-DIESEL BIOPRODUCTION

Year Diesel Demand MMT 52.33 66.90 80.00 Bio-Diesel @5% MMT 2.62 3.35 4.00 Area for 5% Mha Bio-Diesel @10% MMT 5.23 6.69 8.00 Area for 10% MMT Bio-Diesel @20% MMT 10.47 13.38 16.00 Area for 20% Mha

2006-07 2011-12 2012-15

2.19 2.79 4.88

4.38 5.58 9.60

8.76 11.19 19.21

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Initiatives taken by State Govt.

Various State Govts have taken initiatives for Jatropha Plantation notably Uttranchal  Constituted Uttranchal Bio-fuel Board to promote Bio-fuel in the state  2 lakh ha.Jatropha plantation is proposed on degraded community land through Van Panchayat Chhattisgarh  Chhattisgarh Bio-fuel Development Authority setup on Jan.2005 for development of bio-fuel in the state  Govt. fallow land being offered to private entrepreneur.  Action initiated to allot 70000 ha Land on lease to private entrepreneur
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RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT National Network on Jatropha

       

Objectives Selection of Superior planning material Standardization of Propagation techniques-Micro and Macro propagation. Standardizing agro- techniques Establishment of model plantation Tree improvement Detoxification of seed meal Development of pre-processing & processing equipments Imparting training to the farmers.
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Issues for Investors



   

Feed stock souring  own /external source  Long term contract Technology  Appropriate for multi food stock  Etraction of value added feed stock like phytochemical formulations during pre treatment  Product quality  Economic consumption of chemicals  Domestic  Export Glycerin quality & outlet Process plant size Transportation Infrastructure sharing
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Key Factors of Production

Feed stock cost  Yield  Conversion cost  Product quality  Bio-diesel sale price  Glycerin sale price  Energy cost  Investment

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Cost of Bio Diesel Production in India

(As per Planning Com Report)
Rate (Rs. Kg) Seed Cost of collection & oil extraction Less cake produced Trans- esterification cost * Less cost of glycerol produced Cost of Bio- Diesel per Kg Cost of Bio Diesel per liter ( SP. Gravity 0.85) 5.00 2.36 1.00 6.67 *40 to 60.00 Quantity(Kg) 3.28 1.05 2.23 1.00 0.095 Cost (Rs.) 16.40 2.48 -2.23 6.67 -*3.8 to 5.70 19.52-17.62 16.59-14.98

* The price of glycerol is likely to be depressed with processing of such large quantities of
oil and consequent production of glycerol. However , new applications are likely to be NRRaje Feb 06 found creating additional demand and stabilizing its price.

Comparative Economic Study

Price of Processing T otal C ost Feedstock C ost of biodiesel in $/M T in $/M T in $/M T 1 2 3 =(1 +2 ) USA Soybean Oil 560 500 1,060 Europe Rapeseed Oil 590 500 1,090 Sunflower Oil 565 500 1,065 India Jatropha Oil 770 250 1,020
Country Diesel Price Duty on net of duty Diesel
$/MT 517 369 410

C ountry

Feedstock for Biodiesel

Diesel Price

Total cost Subsidy given of biodiesel on biodiesel

$/MT 1,065 1,060 1,020 $/MT 607 540

Germany USA India

$/MT $/MT 588 1,104 166 535 250NRRaje Feb 06 660

Issues of Seed / Oil Allocation



Investors perspective  Legislated for seed / oil allocation  Price  Policy on contract farming  Feasibility / project report  Covering all aspects of farming including yield guarantees. Farmers perspective  Seed quality/ certification  No certification available for non-edible oil seeds  Management practices for Jatropha cultivation  Crop behavior  Holding pattern 11 million hectares 1crore farmers assuming 3,000 / hectare loan 3,000 crore required by farmers

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Long Term Govt. Policies

        

Long term plan for Energy Encourage production & usage of bio fuels Standards notification Directive /policy on procurement distribution & allocation of seeds / oils Firm Selling Price Policy on Excise & Sales Tax Encouraging Policy Customs duty Waiver on non-edible oils import & machinery initially
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THANKS FOR ATTENTIONu

NRRaje Feb 06