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AHSAN RAJON
Ahsan.rajon@gmail.com http://sites.google.com/site/ahsanrajon +88-01911510286
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S. A. AHSAN RAJON
Traditional learning
Understand the topic Note down the Key points extracted from the texts. Try to match with your usual day-to-day concept.
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BOOKS
Author: Elias M. Awad Edition: Second Edition or Any recent Publisher: Galgotia Publications
Author: Jeffery A. Hoffer, Joey F. George, Joseph S. Valacich, Prabin K. Panigrahi Edition: Fourth Edition or recent Publisher: Pearson
Author: Jeffery L. Whitten Edition: Fifth Edition or recent Publisher: McGraw Hill
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Reference Book
Author: Steven Alter Edition: Third Edition or Any recent Publisher: Pearson Education
OTHER RESOURCES
Should be provided
Lecture Slides
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Systems Concepts System Development Life Cycle Role of System Analyst System planning Information gathering Tools for structured analysis Cost and benefit analysis System and system-component design Miscellaneous
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How to collect data? How to record Data? How to get a result from that data?
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Consider
University Management System. Employee information and Payroll management System. Company Automation System/production control system National ID project. Electronic voting system. SMS-based information management system.
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What is the current system? How the current system works? What are the advantages & disadvantages i.e. problems of present system? How Information Technology may be applied (if not applied in the current system)?
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A system is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a plan to achieve a specific objective.
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Physical parts
Managerial steps
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There may be a single computer or even be a series of intelligent terminals linked to a mainframe.
In either case, each component is part of the total system and has to share do its share of work for the system to achieve the intended goal.
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The objectives of the organization as a whole has a higher priority than the objectives of the subsystem.
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Implies Structure and Order Arrangements that helps to achieve objectives Hierarchical Relationship
Defines authority structure Specifies formal flow of communication Formulizes the chain of command
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Refers to the manner in which each component functions with other components of the system.
Interrelationship among the central processing unit, memory and other hardware components enables the computer system to perform.
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Interdependence means that parts of the organization or computer system works together. They are coordinated and linked together according to a plan. One subsystem depends on input of another subsystem for proper functioning; that is output of one subsystem is required input of another subsystem. No subsystem can function in isolation.
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User area
System Analysis
Design
Programm ing
Operatio ns
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Admission Courses Administra tion Grants University Finance personnel Accounts Researc h Outcome Consulta ncy Internal earnings
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Refers to the holism of a system. Integration is concerned with how a system is tied together. More than sharing a physical part. It means that parts of the system works together within the system even though the each part performs a unique function.
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Objectives may be real or stated. Achievement of one objective may be a must for moving towards achievement of another one.
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An information system is an
arrangement of people, data, process, information presentation and information technology that interact to support an improved day-to-day operations in a business as well as support the problem solving and decision making needs to management and users. [Whitten]
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Information technology is a contemporary term that describes the combination of computer technology (hardware and software) with telecommunication technology (data, voice networks)
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Information system analysis and design is the complex organizational process whereby computer based organizational systems are developed and maintained.
Main goal is to improve employee efficiency by applying software solutions to key business tasks
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Types of Systems
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PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
E.g. in computer centers, computer hardware are static, programs stored into computers are dynamic
ABSTRACT SYSTEMS
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Schematic Model
Flow-System Model
Gantt chart
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Open Systems
Permits interactions across its boundaries. Receives input from and delivers output to outside. Information system falls into this category since it must adapt to the changing demands of the user.
Closed Systems
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Input from outside Entropy Process, Output and Cycles Differentiation Equi-finality
No matter how you reach the destination; the matter is, the costs and outcome would be the same.
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Open Systems are Self adjusting and self adapting When functioning properly Open Systems reaches into Steady State or equilibrium
Entropy
All dynamic systems tend to run down over time resulting in entropy or loss of energy
Open systems resist entropy by seeking new inputs or modifying the processes to return to a steady state.
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Differentiation
Equi-finality
Implies that, goals are achieved through differing courses of actions and a variety of paths.
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This chart is a Map of positions and their authority relationships, indicated by boxes and connected by straight lines.
concerned with the pattern of authority, communication and work flow Information is formally disseminated in instructions, memos or reports from top management to the intended users in the organizations Also allows feedback up the chain of command for follow-up.
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STRATEGIC INFORMATION
Refers to long range planning policies that are of direct interest to upper management.
Information such as trends in financial investment, human resources changes would be of top company officials who are responsible for developing policies and determining long range goals.
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MANAGERIAL INFORMATION
Of direct use to middle management and department heads for implementation and control
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OPERATIONAL INFORMATION
Short term; daily information used to operate departments and enforce day to day rules and regulations of the business.
E.g. daily employee absence sheets, overdue purchase orders, current stock available for sale
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UPPER
MIDDLE
LOWER
Operational information
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designed to meet personal and vocational needs and to help solve work related problems.
Knowledge about the inner working of the employee based system is useful during the exploratory face of the analysis.
Since computer cant provide reliable information without user staff support, a proper interface with the informal communication channels could mean the difference the between the success and the failure of the system.
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A third class of the information system realize on the computer for handling the business applications.
Transaction processing system (TPS) Management Information System (MIS): Decision Support System (DSS)
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The level of the manager in the organization is an important factor in determining the kind of information needed to solve a problem.
Lower level management needs detailed internal information to make day to day relatively structured controlled decisions higher level management. For whom the long range objectives are the primary concerns requires summarized information from a variety of sources to attain goals.
MIS is a person machine system and a highly integrated grouping of information processing function designed to provide management with a comprehensive picture of specific information of specific operations.
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The primary users of MIS are middle and top management, operational managers and support staff. Middle and top management use MIS for
preparing forecasts, special request for analysis long range plans and periodic reports.
special analysis of information and reports to help management in planning and control.
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MIS provides limited support to top level management for decision making whereas DSS advances the capabilities of MIS.
Decision
Support
Requires computer added decision situation enough structure to permit computer support.
System
Combines the integrated nature of problem solving suggesting a combine man , machine and decision involvement.
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external data sources, accounting and statistical models and interactive query capabilities.
The outcone is a system designed to serve all levels of management and top level managements in particular with what if unstructured problem situation.
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Harvard Simon described decision making as a three phase continuous process model.
Pro lem Recognition Gathering information a out a pro lem Calling for a decision Develop alternative Solutions Evaluate Alternative Solutions Actual Selection of a solution for implementation
Intelligence
Design
Choice
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Expert systems are designed to analyze data and produce a recommendation, diagnosis, or decision based on a set of facts and rules
Knowledge base
A neural network uses computer circuitry to simulate the way a brain might process information, learn, and remember
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An expert system is characterized y its a ility to: Replicate the reasoning of a human expert Work with internal or external data Produce a recommendation or decision
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