Bridge Design

Structural Engineering Final Year

History of Bridge Development

 Bridge is

one of the oldest instrument of our Civilization.  In pre-historic times bridge formed with prefallen trees or logs of wood  Suspension Bridges with creepers of tree  Oldest bridge in record is built on river Niles in about 2650 B.C but no details are available

History
A wooden bridge built by the queen of Babylon in the year 783 B.C. This bridge has wooden platform supported on stone piers  Alexander while returning from India used a boat bridge in 326 BC  Primitive Arch bridge was built in Persia, Greece and Rome  Oldest Existing Bridge in 350 B.C consist of 20 arches each of 7.5 m span total length is 380 m in Babylon


X-istics of ancient Bridges

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Crossing to the Right-Angle to the Stream RightHump in the Center Narrow Width Absence of Foot-Path FootAesthetics

Evolution of Bridge Engineering



Resulting Combination of the evolution of  Structures  Materials of Construction  Method of Design  Method of Fabrication Timber & Stone replaced by  Wrought Iron ----- Mild Steel ----- Concrete----Concrete----Pre-stressed-----Pre-stressed------ Suspension bridges--bridges---

Span Range
Type
Slab Beam Truss Arch Rib Arch Truss Cable Suspension

Material
Concrete Concrete Steel Steel Concrete Steel Steel Concrete Steel Steel

Span Range (m)

0-12 1212-210 3030-300 90-550 909090-130 120120-370 240-520 2409090-270 9090-350 300-1400 300-

Components of a Bridge
1.

2.

Super Structure  Structural members, beams, girders, handrails, flooring, arches, cables. Sub Structure  Abutments  Piers  Wing Walls  Foundations for Piers & Abutments

Basic Definitions


Bridge  A structure facilitating a communication route for carrying road, railway, pedestrian traffic or other moving loads over a depression Causeway


Its a pucca submersible bridge which allows flood water to pass over it. It is provided on less important routes in order to reduce the construction cost of cross drainage structures

Definitions
 Foot

Bridge  Bridge Exclusively used for carrying pedestrians, cycles & animals  Culvert  When a Small stream crosses a road with linear water way less than 6 meters  Deck Bridge  Bridges whose floorings are supported at top of the super structures

Definitions


 

Through Bridge  Whose floorings are supported at the bottom of the super-structure superCantilever Bridge  More or less fixed at one end and free on the other end varying from 8m to 20m Square Bridge  Bridges at Right-Angle to the axis of river RightSkew Bridge


Bridges which are not at Right-Angle Right-

Definitions
 Suspension

Bridge  Bridges suspended on cables anchored at ends  Apron  Its a layer of concrete, masonry stone, etc placed like flooring at the entrance or outlet of a culvert to prevent scour  Curtain Wall  Its a thin wall used as a protection against scouring action of a stream

Definitions
Back Wall  Retaining wall to support soil from approach road  Wing-wall Wing Retaining the earth from later dimension  Floor Slab  Provides the carriage way for the movement of traffic  Stringers



These are the small beams which transfer the load from floor slab to floor beams

Definitions
 Floor

Beam  Transfer the load from stringer to main girder  Girder  Carries the load of bridge & Transfer it to the piers & abutments  Bearings  These behaves as shock absorbers and caries thermal stresses

Definitions
Piers  These are the intermediate supports of a bridge superstructures  Abutments  These are the end supports of the superstructure  Effective Span



The C/C distance between any two adjacent supports The clear distance between any two adjacent supports

Clear Span


Definitions
 Free


Board Difference between the highest flood level and the formation level of road embankments on the approaches The vertical distance between the highest point of a vehicle and the lowest point of any protruding member of a bridge

 Headroom


Requirements of an Ideal Bridge



1. 2. 3.

An ideal bridge meets following requirements to fulfill the three criteria of efficiency, effectiveness and equity It serves the intended function with utmost safety and convenience It is aesthetically sound It is economical

Selection of Bridge Site

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Ground Reconnaissance Collection of hydraulic/ground data Subsoil Investigation Type of Bridge Engineering Considerations Social Considerations Aesthetic Considerations Future Requirements Design Alternatives Strategically needed

Ideal Bridge Site Characteristics

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Geologically Suitable The stream at bridge site should be well defined and as narrow as possible There should be a straight reach of stream at bridge site Site should have firm, permanent, straight and high banks Flow of water at bridge site should be steady regime conditions, it should be free from whirls and cross currents

Ideal Bridge Site Characteristics

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

It is feasible to have straight approach roads and square alignment Site providing the adequate vertical height available underneath for navigation There should be no adverse environmental input Construction facilities available Time Considerations

Types of Bridges
1.

W.r.t Materials of Construction 1. R.C.C Bridges 2. PrePre- Stressed Bridges 3. Steel Bridges 4. Wooden Bridges 5. Hanging Cable Bridges

Types of Bridges
2.

W.r.t Construction 1. PrePre- cast Bridges 2. Cast Insitu Bridges W.r.t Load Carrying Conditions 1. Compression Bridges (Arch Type) 2. Tension Bridges ( Suspension Type) 3. Flexural bridges ( Deck-Girder Type) Deck-

3.

Types of Bridges
4.

W.r.t X-Section Conditions X1. Solid Slab Bridge 2. Hollow Bridge 3. BoxBox- Girder Bridge

5. W.r.t Design Conditions 1. Slab Bridge 2. DeckDeck- Girder Bridge

Types of Bridges
1.

2.

Slab Bridge  Slab is Supported by Abutments & Slab is designed as one-way slab supported at oneedges. The main reinforcement is parallel to the flow of traffic DeckDeck- Girder Bridge  The main reinforcement is perpendicular to the flow of traffic, slab is supported on girders (interior, exterior)

Slab Bridge

Deck Girder Bridge

AASHTO Design Conditions

1. 2.
1. 2.

Design is based on Elastic- Theory ElasticAASHTO Stress limitations

fc = 0.4 fc/ fs = 0.5 fy

3.

Span length 1. C/C distance between supports 2. Clear Span + Slab Thickness
(Which ever is larger)

AASHTO Design Conditions

4.
1.

Dead Load
(h / 12)*150 = Slab Weight

5.

Weight of Wearing Surface =15 to 30 psf 3. Self weight of (a) Girder (b) Edge beam Live Load 1. HSHS- 20 Truck 2. HSHS- 15 Truck 3. Equivalent Lane Load
2.

HSHS- Truck Loading

4000 lbs 16000 lbs 16000 lbs

2/ 6/ 14 / 2/

HS-20 Loading
3000 lbs 12000 lbs 12000 lbs

2/ 6/ 14 2/

HS-15 Loading

PC

Equivalent Lane Loading

w

Moment

Shear

PC = 18000 lbs W
= 640

26000 lbs

lbs/ft 3/4 th

For HS-20 Loading For HS-15 Loading Take

Loading
 Lane

Loading / Standard Truck loading shall be assumed to occupy a width of 10 ft  These loads shall be placed in 12 ft wide traffic lanes spaced across the entire bridge road way  A 20 to 24 feet wide road shall have two design lanes each equal to half of width of road way

Loading
 Each

10 feet lane loading or single standard truck shall be considered as a unit, and fractional load lane or fractional trucks shall not be used  Where maximum stresses are caused in any member by loading any number of traffic lanes simultaneously, following % age of resultant live load stresses shall be used
  

One or Two lanes Three Lanes More Than 3 lanes

100 % 90 % 75 %

AASHTO Design Conditions

6.

Impact Load
I = 50 / S+125 * S = Span length I > 30 % of Live Load

Design of Slab Bridge

 


Design of Slab Design of Edge Beam

Dead Load Moment = w l 2 / 8  Live Load Moment = HS-20 / HS-15 HSHSLive Load Moment = 900 *S for S <= 50 Live Load Moment = 1300*S 20,000 lb-ft lbfor S > 50 or = 16000 / E w E= Equivalent Lane Loading E= 4 +0.06 * S <=7

Design of Deck Girder Bridge

(S+2)/32 * P20 ft-lb per foot width of slab ft (S+2)/32 * P15


for HS-20 P = 16,000 lbs HSfor HS-15 P = 12,000 lbs HS-

Design of Slab Bridge

Total Moment = D.L Moment + L.L Moment + Impact Load moment  M = 1 /2 * fc * kd * bjd  K= n / (n+r) (n+r)



n = ES /EC = 29* 106 / 57000 fc fc

     

j =1 (k /3) r = fs / fc Cover = 1.5 total As = M / (fs*j*d) (fs*j*d) Distribution Steel = 100 / S % age of main steel Distribution Steel =220/ S % age of main steel (Deck Girder Bridge)

Design of Edge Beam

Dead Load of edge beam  Dead load moment = wl2 /8  Live Load moment = 0.1 pc*S Where Pc is wheel load for HS-20 Pc = 16,000 lbs HSfor HS-15 Pc = 12,000 lbs HS

Example
 Design a slab bridge having clear span of 15 / a clear width of 26 / .
Live load HS-20 Truck & wearing surface load is 30 psf. Concrete HSstrength fc = 3,000 psi and fy = 40,000 psi


Solution
     

S = 15 Clear width = 26 Live load = HS-20 HSfc = 3,000 psi fy = 40,000 psi Wearing surface = 30psf

Example
 AASHTO allowable Stresses
 

fc = 0.4 fc = 0.4 * 3000 = 1200 psi fs = 0.5 fy = 0.5 *40,000 =20,000 psi

Load Calculations
   

Assuming thickness of slab = 12 Dead load of slab = (12 / 12 )* 150 = 150 psf Total Dead load = 150 + 30 = 180 psf Total Dead load moment = wl2 /8 = 180 (16)2 / 8 = 5760 lb-ft lb-

Example


Moment Calculations
Live load moment = 900 * S = 900 * 16 = 14400 lb-ft lb Impact moment = I = 50 / (S+125) =50 / (16+125) = 0.3570 So we will use 0.3 Impact moment = I = 0.3 Live load moment = 0.3 * 14400 = 4320 lb-ft lb

Total Moment calculation



M = 5760 +14400+4320 = 24480 lb-ft lb-

Example


Using Elastic Theory

         

k =n / (n+r) (n+r) n = Es/ Ec = 29*106 / 570003000 = 9.3 57000 r = fs / fc = 20000/1200 = 16.67 k = n / (n+r) = 0.358 (n+r) j = 1- (k /3) = 1- 0.358/3 = 0.881 11M = fc bkd * jd 24480*12=1/2* 1200*12*0.358*0.881*d2 d=11.4 h=d + Cover +0.5 = 11.4 +0.75+0.5 = 12.6 > 12

Example


Using Elastic Theory

Lets assume h = 14  Dead load = (14 / 12 ) * 150 = 175 psf  W.S load = 30 psf  Total Dead Load = 175 + 30 = 205 psf 2  Total Dead load moment = wl /8 = 205 (16)2 / 8 = 6560 lb-ft lb Live load moment = 900 * S = 900 * 16 = 14400 lb-ft lbImpact moment = I = 0.3 Live load moment = 0.3 * 14400 = 4320 lb-ft lb 

M = 6560 +14400+4320 = 25280

lblb-ft

 Calculation


of Steel Area

Example

As = M / (fs*j*d) (fs*j*d)
= (25280*12)/ (20000*0.881*12.75) d= 14-1.25 = 12.75 14(0.5+0.75)
* *

 

As = 1.44 in2 # 7 @ 5 c/c

= 100 / 16 = 25 % of main steel = 0.3375 in2

Distribution Steel = 100 / S % age of main steel # 5 @ 10 c/c

Example
 Design


of Edge Beam

Dead load of edge beam = ((24 * 24 )/144)*15 = 600 lb/ft  Dead load moment = 600 (16)2 /8 = 19200 lb-ft lb Live load moment = 0.1Pc*S = 0.1 (16000 *16) = 25600 lb-ft lb Total Moment = 19200+25600 = 44800 lb-ft lb M= fc bkd*jd 44800*12 = *1200-24*0.357*0.881 d2 *1200 d= 10.9

Example
 Calculation
  

of Steel Area

As = M / (fs*j*d) As = (44800 *12 )/ (20000 *0.881*12.75) As =2.39 in2 Use 7 # 4 bars

Draw the Sketches Neatly

Example
 Design a Deck-girder bridge having clear span of 48 / a clear width of Deck29 / . Live load HS-20 Truck & wearing surface load is 30 psf. Concrete HSstrength fc = 3,000 psi and fy = 40,000 psi fc

Solution
      

S = 4- 4 4Clear width = 29 Clear Span = 48 Live load = HS-20 HSfc = 3,000 psi fc fy = 40,000 psi Assume Wearing Surface = 15 psf

Load Calculations
Assuming thickness of slab = 6 Dead load of slab = (6 / 12 )* 150 = 75 psf Total Dead load = 75 + 15 = 90 psf Total (+ & - )Dead load moment = wl2 /10 = 90 (4.333)2 / 10 = 169 lb-ft lbLive load moment = 0.80 {(S+2)/32 }* P20 = 0.80 {(4.33+2)/32 }* 16000 =2530 lb-ft lbImpact moment = I = 0.3 Live load moment = 0.3 * 2530 = 760 lb-ft lb-

Total Moment calculation

M = 169 +2530+760 = 3459 lb-ft lb-

M = fc bkd * jd 3459*12 =1/2*1200*12*0.375*0.875*d2 d = 4.19 in h = 6.5 with 1 cover below # 6 bars assumed then d=4.37 in

As = M / (fs*j*d) = (3459*12)/ (20000*0.875*4.37) = 0.54 in2 Distribution Steel = 220 / S % age of main steel 5# 5 bars

# 6 @ 10 c/c

= 220 / 4.33 = 105%of main steel = 0.56 7in2

Design of Interior Girder

The interior girders are T beams with flange width equal c/c of girders, the required stem dimensions governed by either Max. moment or max. shear Assume bridges seats = 2ft Effective Span length from center of bearings = 50 ft Dead load from slab on plf of beam = {(6.5/12*150)+15}*5.5 = 528 plf Assume Section below slab = 14x 30 (437 plf ) Total dead Load on Beam = 965 plf Dead load moment = (965 x 502 )/8 = 302,000 lb-ft

The absolute Live load moment will occurs with HS 20 loading on the bridge in the position shown in the figure with distribution loads as specified by AASHTO Each interior girder must support 5.5/5 = 1.10 wheel load per wheel, therefore the load from rear wheel is 16000 x 1.1 = 17,600 lb and that from front wheel is 4000 x 1.1 = 4400 lb.