Introduction

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What is network??

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A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

It can be 2 computer Business School Amity connected

It usually made for, more than 2 computers

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Client / server networking

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server

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Servers are computers that hold shared files, programs, and the network operating system. Servers provide access to network to all the users of the network. There are many different kinds of servers, and one server can provide functions. File servers are located with files accounts and a record of the access rights of users or groups of users on the network. The server provides a shareable virtual disk to the users. File mapping schemes are implemented to provide the virtual ness of the files.

clients

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Clients are computers that access and use the network and shared network resources. Client computers are basically the customers of the network as they request and receive services from the servers.

Transmission Media: Transmission media are facilities used to interconnect computers in a network such as twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable and optical fiber cable. Transmission media are sometimes called channels links or lines. Shared Data: Shared data are data that files servers provide to clients, such as data files, printer access programs and email. Shares printers and peripherals are hardware resources provided to the users of the network by servers. Resources provided include data files printers software any other items used by clients on the network.

Other component of networking

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Network Types
PAN (Personal area network) LAN (Local area network)

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MAN (Metropolitan area network) WAN (Wide area network)

PAN
1 2

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LAN
They are privately owned networks within a single building or campus of up to a few kilometers in size. Since LAN is operated in short area so It can be control and administrate by single person or organization.

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MAN
MAN, metropolitan area network falls in middle of LAN and WAN, It covers large span of physical area than LAN but smaller than WAN, such as a city. It might cover a group of nearby corporate offices or an be in a city.

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WAN
A WAN is a telecommunication network that connects large geographic regions. . The Internet it self is the biggest example of Wide area network, WAN, which is covering the entire earth

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Purpose

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Facilitating communications-Using a network, people can communicate efficiently and easily via email, instant messaging, chat rooms, telephone, video telephone calls, and video conferencing. Sharing hardware-In a networked environment, each computer on a network may access and use hardware resources on the network, such as printing a document on a shared network printer. Sharing files, data, and information- In a network environment, authorized user may access data and information stored on other computers on the network. The capability of providing access to data and information on shared storage devices is an important feature of many networks. Sharing software- Users connected to a network may run application programs on remote computers.

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OSI Model

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Open Systems Interconnection model The primary artchitectural model for inter-computer communications. Provides a common way of describing how different protocols work The model divides the network communication into 7 layers each specifying different network activities , equipment and protocols.

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Application layer Presentation layer Session layer Transport layer Network layer Data-link layer Physical layer

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1. 2.

3. 4.

Application layer: defines the language and syntax for communication and providing network services. Presentation layer: defines the format of data that is to be transmitted/received among the network computers, data encryption etc. Session layer: establishes and maintains a communication session, network monitoring. Transport layer: provides reliable end to end communication, error control and flow control.

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5. Network layer: responsible for logical network addressing. Works out the best path for data based on network conditions. 6. Data link layer: arranges data into chunks called frames. Error checking within the data frames. 7. Physical layer: defines the physical medium and maintains physical link between the 2 computers.

1.

Layout pattern of various interconnections of various elements of a computer network. Logical pathway or a transmission medium in which a signal travels amongst the computer components. Two types of network topology:LOGICAL PHYSICAL Logical topology- how data is transferred in a network Physical topology- physical design of a network including the devices, location and computer installation.

Network topology

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2 3.

4. 5.

Physical topology
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Bus topology Ring topology Star topology Tree topology Mesh topology Cellular topology

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Bus topology
1.Simplest network topology, of a lineartransmission medium, i.e. a cable with a terminator at its ends Linear bus Distributed bus 2. All nodes connected to a central cable called the bus or backbone or trunk. 3. Requires less cable and easily connects the peripheral to to a linear bus 4. Best suited for temporary and small networks 5. Only one host at a time otherwise COLLISIONS. Single point failure crippling the entire topology.

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Ring Topology
Alternative to bus topology. Nodes connected to one another in shape of a closed loop. With the use of fiber optic cable failures can be avoided. Easy to set up Capable of handling high volume of data traffic Trouble shooting the main drawback Entire network shutsdown if there is a break in the main cable.

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Star Topology
Each node connected to a central network hub, switch or a concentrater. Hub controls all the functions of the network and acts as a signal booster or a repeater. Considered the easiest to design and implement and additonal nodes can be easily added No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices Hub represents a single point of failure. Quite expensive because of costly hubs.

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Tree Topology
Combines characterstics of the linear bus and star topologies and considered the best for branched out networks. Follows a hierarchical pattern where each level is connected to the next higher level in a symmetrical pattern. Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network, and enable schools to configure a network to meet their needs. All the computers have access to the larger and their immediate networks A failure in the trunk and the system

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fails.
Difficult to configure and complicated

Mesh Topology
Connects one or more topologies Provides significant fault tolerance. FULLY CONNECTED- costly and used when small no. of nodes used. PARTIALLY CONNECTEDconnected to more than one node i.e. point to point connection. No complexities and redundancy Isolation of network failures and troubleshooting is easy. But difficult to install and configure Expensive because of redundant connections and wasted bandwidth.

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Cellular Topology
Advanced WAN architecture in which the cellular configuration breaks the area covered into cells with each cell having a hub, interconnected. Identification of problem is easy. Easy to add new users and stations. Simple techniques to isolate failures. Expensive to install Hub fails, devices attached to that hub are disconnected from the network

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Considerations When Choosing a Topology

Money. Length of cable needed. Future growth Cable type

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