Headwork Headwork Types S Locations Types S Locations

Any hydraulic structure which supplies water to the off Any hydraulic structure which supplies water to the off
taking canal. Diversion head taking canal. Diversion headwork provides an obstruction work provides an obstruction
across a river, so that the water level is raised and water is across a river, so that the water level is raised and water is
diverted to the channel at required level. The increase diverted to the channel at required level. The increase
water level helps the flow of water by gravity and results in water level helps the flow of water by gravity and results in
increasing the commanded area and reducing the water increasing the commanded area and reducing the water
fluctuations in the river. Diversion head fluctuations in the river. Diversion headwork may serve as work may serve as
silt regulator into the channel. Due to the obstruction, the silt regulator into the channel. Due to the obstruction, the
velocity of the river decreases and silt settles at the bed. velocity of the river decreases and silt settles at the bed.
Clear water with permissible percentage of silt is allowed to Clear water with permissible percentage of silt is allowed to
flow through the regulator into the channel. To prevent the flow through the regulator into the channel. To prevent the
direct transfer of flood water into the channel. direct transfer of flood water into the channel.
nctions of a Headwork
A headwork serves the following
prposes
A headwork raises the water level in the river
!t regulates the intake of water into the canal
!t also controls the entry of silt into the canal
A headwork can also store water for small periods of time.
Reduces fluctuations in the level of supply in river
Types of Headwork's Types of Headwork's
8torage headwork 8torage headwork
Diversion headwork Diversion headwork
Component parts of Diversion Headwork Component parts of Diversion Headwork
Types of Diversion head works Types of Diversion head works
Temporary: Temporary:
8purs Bunds 8purs Bunds
Permanent Permanent
Components Components
Weir or Barrage Weir or Barrage
Divide Wall Divide Wall
Fish Ladder Fish Ladder
Approach Canal Approach Canal
8ilt prevention device 8ilt prevention device
Canal head regulator Canal head regulator
River training works River training works
Location of Headwork's Location of Headwork's
Location of Headwork's Location of Headwork's
Rocky Stage Rocky Stage
Sub mountainous or boulder stage: boulder or gravel Sub mountainous or boulder stage: boulder or gravel
Alluvial plan Alluvial plan
%ocky stage: %ocky stage:
River steep slope, high velocity River steep slope, high velocity
Advantages: Advantages:
ood foundation at shallow depth ood foundation at shallow depth
Comparatively silt free water for turbines Comparatively silt free water for turbines
High head for hydro High head for hydroelectric work electric work
isadvantages: isadvantages:
ong ong length of canal. !n reach soil is good for agriculture. length of canal. !n reach soil is good for agriculture.
Nore cross damage works Nore cross damage works
Nore falls (ground steep gradient Nore falls (ground steep gradient lined to permit high velocity) lined to permit high velocity)
Costly head regulator excluding shingle Costly head regulator excluding shingle
Frequent repairs of the weirs. Frequent repairs of the weirs.
Component parts of Diversion Head Works Component parts of Diversion Head Works
Guide Bank: Guide Bank:
Guide Bank are earthen embankments with stone pitching in the slopes facing water. Guide Bank are earthen embankments with stone pitching in the slopes facing water.
to guide the river through the barrage. These river training works are provided for to guide the river through the barrage. These river training works are provided for
rivers flowing in planes. upstream and downstream of the hydraulic structures or rivers flowing in planes. upstream and downstream of the hydraulic structures or
bridges built on the river Guide banks guide the river water flow through the bridges built on the river Guide banks guide the river water flow through the
barrage barrage
2River Training Works: 2River Training Works:
t includes guide banks. marginal bunds. spurs etc Functions are as follows. t includes guide banks. marginal bunds. spurs etc Functions are as follows.

To provide and non To provide and non- -tortuous approach to weir tortuous approach to weir

To prevent the river from out To prevent the river from out- -flanking the weir flanking the weir

To prevent additional area to be submerged due to afflux To prevent additional area to be submerged due to afflux

To prevent erosion of the river banks {protective works To prevent erosion of the river banks {protective works
Marginal Bunds: Marginal Bunds:
Marginal bunds are flood embankments in continuation of guide banks designed to Marginal bunds are flood embankments in continuation of guide banks designed to
contain the floods within the flood plain of the river Both height and length vary contain the floods within the flood plain of the river Both height and length vary
according to back water effect caused by the barrage They are not provided with according to back water effect caused by the barrage They are not provided with
stone pitching and fully cover the back stone pitching and fully cover the back- - water length water length
2 8purs: 2 8purs:
Marginal bunds are also called as 8purs' Marginal bunds are also called as 8purs'
Component parts of Diversion Head Works Component parts of Diversion Head Works
Divide Wall: Divide Wall:
t is a long wall constructed at right angle to the weir axis t is t is a long wall constructed at right angle to the weir axis t is
extended up to the upstream end of the canal head regulator n extended up to the upstream end of the canal head regulator n
case of one canal off case of one canal off- -taking from each bank taking from each bank
2Canal Head Regulator : 2Canal Head Regulator :
These are the structure constructed at the head {off take of the These are the structure constructed at the head {off take of the
canal adjacent to the under sluices ts function is canal adjacent to the under sluices ts function is

To admit water into the off taking canal To admit water into the off taking canal

To regulate the supplies into the canal To regulate the supplies into the canal

To indicate the discharge passed into the canal from design To indicate the discharge passed into the canal from design
discharge formula discharge formula
and observed head of water on the crest and observed head of water on the crest

To control the silt entry into the canal To control the silt entry into the canal
During heavy floods. it should be closed otherwise high silt quantity will During heavy floods. it should be closed otherwise high silt quantity will
leave to the canal leave to the canal
of the river. one divide of the river. one divide- -wall is provided on front of each of the head wall is provided on front of each of the head
regulators of the off takes 8imilarly on the d/s side it should extend to regulators of the off takes 8imilarly on the d/s side it should extend to
cover the hydraulic hump and the resulting turbulence The main cover the hydraulic hump and the resulting turbulence The main
functions are as follows; functions are as follows;

To generate a parallel flow and thereby avoid damage to the flexible To generate a parallel flow and thereby avoid damage to the flexible
protection protection
area of the undersluice portion area of the undersluice portion

To keep the cross To keep the cross- -section. if any. away from the canal section. if any. away from the canal

To serve as a trap for coarser bed material To serve as a trap for coarser bed material

To serve as a side To serve as a side- -wall of the fish ladder wall of the fish ladder

To separate canal head regulator from main weir To separate canal head regulator from main weir
Fish Ladder: Fish Ladder:
t is a narrow trough opening along the divide wall towards t is a narrow trough opening along the divide wall towards
weir side provided with baffles {screen to control the weir side provided with baffles {screen to control the
flow of the liquid. sand etc. so as to cut down the flow of the liquid. sand etc. so as to cut down the
velocity of flowing water from u/s to d/s location of fish velocity of flowing water from u/s to d/s location of fish
ladder adjacent to divide wall is preferred because there ladder adjacent to divide wall is preferred because there
is always some water in the river d/s of the under sluice is always some water in the river d/s of the under sluice
only t may be built within the divide wall only t may be built within the divide wall
A fish ladder built along the divide wall is a device designed A fish ladder built along the divide wall is a device designed
to allow the fish to negotiate the artificial barrier in to allow the fish to negotiate the artificial barrier in
either direction n the fish ladder. the optimum velocity either direction n the fish ladder. the optimum velocity
is {6 is {6- -8 ft/sec this can be at Maralam Oadirabad & 8 ft/sec this can be at Maralam Oadirabad &
Chashma barrages Chashma barrages
Fish move from u/s to d/s in search of relatively warm water Fish move from u/s to d/s in search of relatively warm water
in the beginning of water in the beginning of water
and return u/s for clear water before the onset of monsoon and return u/s for clear water before the onset of monsoon
2 Main Weir And mpervious Floor: 2 Main Weir And mpervious Floor:
The obstruction constructed across the river is weir mpervious layer consist of u/s apron. The obstruction constructed across the river is weir mpervious layer consist of u/s apron.
u/s glacis. crest. d/s glacis and downstream apron u/s glacis. crest. d/s glacis and downstream apron
ts function is to raise water level locally and divert supplies into the canal Main concentration is ts function is to raise water level locally and divert supplies into the canal Main concentration is
on raising the water level and taking care of the disturbances causes by the hydraulic jump on raising the water level and taking care of the disturbances causes by the hydraulic jump
3 Flexible Apron: 3 Flexible Apron:
A flexible apron is placed d/s of the filter of the filter and consists of boulders large enough not to A flexible apron is placed d/s of the filter of the filter and consists of boulders large enough not to
be washed away by the highest likely water velocity The protection is enough as to cover the be washed away by the highest likely water velocity The protection is enough as to cover the
slope of scour depth ie {2 slope of scour depth ie {2 depth of scour on u/s side and {2 depth of scour on u/s side and {2 scour depth on the d/s side at scour depth on the d/s side at
a slope of3 a slope of3
4 Crest: 4 Crest:
Crest is the weir surface at the required height above the floor at which gates rest at its Crest is the weir surface at the required height above the floor at which gates rest at its
closed position closed position
5 Pervious Floor: 5 Pervious Floor:
{Upstream Talus and Downstream Talus {Upstream Talus and Downstream Talus
t prevents scouring under the impervious floor t prevents scouring under the impervious floor

To serve as inverted filter To serve as inverted filter

To check scour downstream To check scour downstream

To withstand high velocities d/s of the hydraulic jump To withstand high velocities d/s of the hydraulic jump

.Under sluice: .Under sluice:

Under sluice is the opening at low level in the part of barrage which is adjacent to the off takes. These Under sluice is the opening at low level in the part of barrage which is adjacent to the off takes. These
openings are controlled by gates. They form the d/s end of the still ponds bounded on two sides of openings are controlled by gates. They form the d/s end of the still ponds bounded on two sides of
divide dividewall and canal head regulator. wall and canal head regulator.
They perform the following functions: They perform the following functions:
- -
To control silt entry into the canal. To control silt entry into the canal.
- -
To protect d/s floor from hydraulic jump. To protect d/s floor from hydraulic jump.
- -
To lower the highest flood level. To lower the highest flood level.
- -
To scour the silt deposits in the pockets periodically. To scour the silt deposits in the pockets periodically.
- -
To maintain a clear and well To maintain a clear and welldefined river channel approaching the canal defined river channel approaching the canal
head headregulator. regulator.
A number of bays at the extreme ends of the barrage adjacent to the canal regulator have a lower crest A number of bays at the extreme ends of the barrage adjacent to the canal regulator have a lower crest
level than the rest of the bays. The main function is to draw water in low river flow conditions due to level than the rest of the bays. The main function is to draw water in low river flow conditions due to
formation of a deep channel under sluice portion. This also helps to reduce the flow of silt into the formation of a deep channel under sluice portion. This also helps to reduce the flow of silt into the
canal due to drop in velocity of river water in deep channel in front of canal regulator. Accumulated canal due to drop in velocity of river water in deep channel in front of canal regulator. Accumulated
silt can be washed away easily by opening the under sluice gates due to high velocity currents silt can be washed away easily by opening the under sluice gates due to high velocity currents
generated by lower crest levels or a high differential head. generated by lower crest levels or a high differential head.
.!nverted Filter: .!nverted Filter:
An inverted filter is provided between the d/s sheet piles and the flexible protection. An inverted filter is provided between the d/s sheet piles and the flexible protection.
!t typically consists of 6" sand, 3'' coarse sand and 3" gravel. The filter material may vary with the size of !t typically consists of 6" sand, 3'' coarse sand and 3" gravel. The filter material may vary with the size of
the particles forming river bed. !t is protected by placing concrete blocks of sufficient weigh and size, the particles forming river bed. !t is protected by placing concrete blocks of sufficient weigh and size,
over it. Slits (jhiries) are left b/w the blocks to allow the water to escape. The length of the filter over it. Slits (jhiries) are left b/w the blocks to allow the water to escape. The length of the filter
should be (2 should be (2 d/s depth of sheet pile). !t performs following functions, d/s depth of sheet pile). !t performs following functions,
- -
!t checks the escape of fine soil particles in the seepage water. !t checks the escape of fine soil particles in the seepage water.
- -
!n the case of scour, it provides adequate cover for the d/s sheet piles against the !n the case of scour, it provides adequate cover for the d/s sheet piles against the
steepening of exit gradient. steepening of exit gradient.
. Sheet Piles: . Sheet Piles:
There are generally three or four sheet piles. These are made of mild steal, each portion being(2 There are generally three or four sheet piles. These are made of mild steal, each portion being(22) ft 2) ft
in width and2" in thickness of the required length and having groove to link with the other sheet in width and2" in thickness of the required length and having groove to link with the other sheet
piles. From the functional point view, in a barrage, these are classified into three types i.e. piles. From the functional point view, in a barrage, these are classified into three types i.e.
- -
(a) Upstream Sheet Pilesu/s sheet piles (a) Upstream Sheet Pilesu/s sheet piles
- -
intermediate sheet piles intermediate sheet piles
- -
d/s sheet piles d/s sheet piles
U/S sheet piles are located at the U/S end of the U/S concrete floor. These piles are driven into the soil beyond the U/S sheet piles are located at the U/S end of the U/S concrete floor. These piles are driven into the soil beyond the
maximum possible scour that may occur. Their functions are: maximum possible scour that may occur. Their functions are:
- To protect the barrage structure from scour. - To protect the barrage structure from scour.
- To reduce uplift pressure in the barrage floor. - To reduce uplift pressure in the barrage floor.
- -
To hold the sand compacted and densified between two sheet piles in order to To hold the sand compacted and densified between two sheet piles in order to
increase the bearing capacity when the barrage floor is defined as raft. increase the bearing capacity when the barrage floor is defined as raft.
(a) !ntermediate Sheet Piles: (a) !ntermediate Sheet Piles:
They are situated at the end of U/S and D/S glacis and serve as second line of defense. !n case of the u/s or d/s sheet piles They are situated at the end of U/S and D/S glacis and serve as second line of defense. !n case of the u/s or d/s sheet piles
collapse due to advancing scour or undermining, then these sheet piles give protection to the main structure of the collapse due to advancing scour or undermining, then these sheet piles give protection to the main structure of the
barrage. The intermediate sheet piles also help to lengthen the seepage path and reduce up barrage. The intermediate sheet piles also help to lengthen the seepage path and reduce uplift pressure. lift pressure.
(b) Down Stream Piles: (b) Down Stream Piles:
These are placed at the end of the d/s concrete floor and their main function is to check the exit gradient. Their depth These are placed at the end of the d/s concrete floor and their main function is to check the exit gradient. Their depth
should be greater than the maximum possible scour. should be greater than the maximum possible scour.
. Shutters or ates: . Shutters or ates:
Weirs are provided either with shutters or counter balanced gates to maintain pond level. A shuttered weir is relatively Weirs are provided either with shutters or counter balanced gates to maintain pond level. A shuttered weir is relatively
cheaper but locks in speed. Better control is possible in a gated weir (barrage). Their function is cheaper but locks in speed. Better control is possible in a gated weir (barrage). Their function is
- -
To maintain pond level. To maintain pond level.
- -
To raise the water level during low supplies. To raise the water level during low supplies.
!n case of higher floods, shutters are dropped down and overflow takes place !n case of higher floods, shutters are dropped down and overflow takes place
while in case of gated weir, gates are raised during floods while in case of gated weir, gates are raised during floods
Diversion Head work:WE!R Diversion Head work:WE!R
When a weir or barrage is constructed across a river to When a weir or barrage is constructed across a river to
raise the water level and to divert the water to the canal, raise the water level and to divert the water to the canal,
then it is known as diversion head work. The flow in the then it is known as diversion head work. The flow in the
canal is controlled by canal head regulator. canal is controlled by canal head regulator.
!t serves the following purposes: !t serves the following purposes:
i. !t raises the water level in the river so that the command i. !t raises the water level in the river so that the command
area can be increased. area can be increased.
ii. !t regulates the intake of water into the canal. ii. !t regulates the intake of water into the canal.
iii. !t controls the silt entry into the canal. iii. !t controls the silt entry into the canal.
iv. !t reduces fluctuations in the level of supply in the river. iv. !t reduces fluctuations in the level of supply in the river.
v. !t stores water for tiding over small periods of short v. !t stores water for tiding over small periods of short
supplies. supplies.
A diversion headwork can further be sub A diversion headwork can further be subdivided into two principal classes: divided into two principal classes:
. Temporary spurs or bunds . Temporary spurs or bunds
2. Permanent weirs and barrages. 2. Permanent weirs and barrages.
Temporary spurs or bunds are those which are temporary and are constructed every year after floods, Temporary spurs or bunds are those which are temporary and are constructed every year after floods,
however, for important works, weirs or barrages are constructed since they are of permanent nature however, for important works, weirs or barrages are constructed since they are of permanent nature
if properly designed. if properly designed.
Weirs: Weirs:
The weir is a solid obstruction put across the river to raise its water level and divert the water The weir is a solid obstruction put across the river to raise its water level and divert the water
into the canal. into the canal.
!f a weir also stores water for tiding over small periods of short supplies, it is called as 'storage weir'. The !f a weir also stores water for tiding over small periods of short supplies, it is called as 'storage weir'. The
main difference between the storage weir and dam is only in height and duration for which the main difference between the storage weir and dam is only in height and duration for which the
supply is stored. A dam stores the supply for a comparatively longer duration. supply is stored. A dam stores the supply for a comparatively longer duration.
Barrage: Barrage:
The function of barrage is similar to that of weir, but the heading up of water is affected by the gates The function of barrage is similar to that of weir, but the heading up of water is affected by the gates
alone. No solid obstruction is put across the river. The crest level in the barrage is kept at a low level. alone. No solid obstruction is put across the river. The crest level in the barrage is kept at a low level.
During the floods, the gates are raised to clear off the high flood level, enabling the high flood to During the floods, the gates are raised to clear off the high flood level, enabling the high flood to
pass downstream to mix afflux. When the flood recedes, the gates are lowered and the flow is pass downstream to mix afflux. When the flood recedes, the gates are lowered and the flow is
obstructed, thus raising the water level to upstream of the barrage. Due to this, there is less silting obstructed, thus raising the water level to upstream of the barrage. Due to this, there is less silting
and better control over the levels. However, barrages are much more costly than weirs. and better control over the levels. However, barrages are much more costly than weirs.
W!ER/BARRAE W!ER/BARRAE
Components parts of Barrage Components parts of Barrage
The problem consists, thereIore, in controlling the seepage Iorce so that it cannot carry away the The problem consists, thereIore, in controlling the seepage Iorce so that it cannot carry away the
Ioundation material. Various theories are developed to solve these two problems. Ioundation material. Various theories are developed to solve these two problems.
Bligh`s Creep Theory Bligh`s Creep Theory
Lane`s Weighted Creep Theory Lane`s Weighted Creep Theory
Khosla`s Method oI Independent Variable Khosla`s Method oI Independent Variable
Bligh`s Creep Theory: Bligh`s Creep Theory:
The percolating water creeps along the proIile oI the bottom oI hydraulic structure which is in The percolating water creeps along the proIile oI the bottom oI hydraulic structure which is in- -contact contact
with the with the
soil. soil.
Creep Length: Creep Length:
The path traced by the percolating water is known as creep length. The path traced by the percolating water is known as creep length.
Hydraulic Gradient: Hydraulic Gradient:
The loss oI the head per unit creep length is known as hydraulic gradient and it is constant throughout The loss oI the head per unit creep length is known as hydraulic gradient and it is constant throughout
its its
passage. The head loss is inversely proportional to the creep length. passage. The head loss is inversely proportional to the creep length.
head loss 1creep length head loss 1creep length
Let, Let,
Slength oI impermiable Iloor Slength oI impermiable Iloor
Silt excluder: Silt excluder:
Silt is excluded Irom water entering the canal, constructed in the bed inIront oI Silt is excluded Irom water entering the canal, constructed in the bed inIront oI
head regulator head regulator - - excludes silt Irom water entering the canal excludes silt Irom water entering the canal
Designed such that the top and bottom layers oI Ilow are separated with the Designed such that the top and bottom layers oI Ilow are separated with the
least possible disturbance least possible disturbance
Top water to canal Top water to canal - - bottom, silt laden through under sluices bottom, silt laden through under sluices
No oI tunnels resting on the Iloor oI the pocket oI diIIerent lengths No oI tunnels resting on the Iloor oI the pocket oI diIIerent lengths
The tunnel near th head regulator being oI same length as that oI the width oI The tunnel near th head regulator being oI same length as that oI the width oI
head regulator head regulator - - tunnel oI diIIerent length. tunnel oI diIIerent length.
Capacity oI tunnel is about 20 oI canal discharge Capacity oI tunnel is about 20 oI canal discharge
Minimum velocity 2 to 3 m/s to avoid deposition in tunnel is kept the same as Minimum velocity 2 to 3 m/s to avoid deposition in tunnel is kept the same as
sill level oI head regulator sill level oI head regulator
. .
From discharge and scouring velocity the total waterway required for under water From discharge and scouring velocity the total waterway required for under water
tunnels can be determined tunnels can be determined
Silt extractor or silt ejector: Silt extractor or silt ejector:
Device by which the silt, after it has entered the canal is extracted or thrown out. Device by which the silt, after it has entered the canal is extracted or thrown out.
Constructed on the canal some distance away from head regulator Constructed on the canal some distance away from head regulator
Horizontal diaphragm above the canal bed Horizontal diaphragm above the canal bed
Canal bed slightly depressed below the diaphragm Canal bed slightly depressed below the diaphragm 00. .S S to to 22. .88m m
Under diaphragm, tunnel which extent the highly silted bottom water tunnel. Under diaphragm, tunnel which extent the highly silted bottom water tunnel.
There should be no disturbance of flow at the entry. There should be no disturbance of flow at the entry.
Sediment Sediment laden are diverted by curved vanes laden are diverted by curved vanes
Forwards the escape chamber: steep slope to escape channel is provided. Forwards the escape chamber: steep slope to escape channel is provided.
The streamlined vane passage accelerate the flow through them, thus avoiding The streamlined vane passage accelerate the flow through them, thus avoiding
deposition (decreasing section area increases the flow velocity) deposition (decreasing section area increases the flow velocity)
The tunnel discharge by gate at the outlet end (escape channel) The tunnel discharge by gate at the outlet end (escape channel)
Location: Location:
!f near head regulator, silt will be in suspension !f near head regulator, silt will be in suspension
!f too far away than result in silting of canal !f too far away than result in silting of canal
Causes of failures of weirs Causes of failures of weirs
Common causes of failure of weirs include: Common causes of failure of weirs include:
Excessive and progressive downstream erosion, both from Excessive and progressive downstream erosion, both from
within the stream and through lateral erosion of the banks within the stream and through lateral erosion of the banks
Erosion of inadequately protected abutments Erosion of inadequately protected abutments
Hydraulic removal of fines and other support material from Hydraulic removal of fines and other support material from
downstream protection (gabions and aprons) resulting in downstream protection (gabions and aprons) resulting in
erosion of the apron protection erosion of the apron protection
Deterioration of the cutoff and subsequent loss of Deterioration of the cutoff and subsequent loss of
containment containment
Additional aspects specific to concrete, rockfill or steel Additional aspects specific to concrete, rockfill or steel
structures. structures.
The main causes are: The main causes are: Piping Piping
Piping is caused by groundwater seeping out of the bank face. rains are detached and Piping is caused by groundwater seeping out of the bank face. rains are detached and
entrained by the seepage flow and may be transported away from the bank face by entrained by the seepage flow and may be transported away from the bank face by
surface runoff generated by the seepage, if there is sufficient volume of flow. The exit surface runoff generated by the seepage, if there is sufficient volume of flow. The exit
gradient of water seeping under the base of the weir at the downstream end may gradient of water seeping under the base of the weir at the downstream end may
exceed a certain critical value of soil. As a result the surface soil starts boiling and is exceed a certain critical value of soil. As a result the surface soil starts boiling and is
washed away by percolating water. The progressive erosion backwash at the upstream washed away by percolating water. The progressive erosion backwash at the upstream
results in the formation of channel (pipe) underneath the floor of weir.Since there is results in the formation of channel (pipe) underneath the floor of weir.Since there is
always a always a differential head between pstream S downstream differential head between pstream S downstream, water is constantly , water is constantly
moving form upstream to downstream from under the base of weir. However, if the moving form upstream to downstream from under the base of weir. However, if the
hydraulic gradient becomes big, greater than the critical value, then at the point of hydraulic gradient becomes big, greater than the critical value, then at the point of
existance of water at the downstream end, it begins to dislodge the soil particles and existance of water at the downstream end, it begins to dislodge the soil particles and
carry them away. carry them away.!n de corse !n de corse, when this erosion continues, a sort of pipe or channel , when this erosion continues, a sort of pipe or channel
is formed within the floor through which more particles are transported downstream is formed within the floor through which more particles are transported downstream
which can bring about failure of weir.Piping is especially likely in high banks backed by which can bring about failure of weir.Piping is especially likely in high banks backed by
the valley side, a terrace, or some other high ground. !n these locations the high head of the valley side, a terrace, or some other high ground. !n these locations the high head of
water can cause large seepage pressures to occur. Evidence includes: Pronounced seep water can cause large seepage pressures to occur. Evidence includes: Pronounced seep
lines, especially along sand layers or lenses in the bank, pipe shaped cavities in the lines, especially along sand layers or lenses in the bank, pipe shaped cavities in the
bank, notches in the bank associated with seepage zones and layers, run bank, notches in the bank associated with seepage zones and layers, runout deposits of out deposits of
eroded material on the lowerbank. eroded material on the lowerbank.
%emedies: %emedies:
Decrease Hydraulic gradient i.e. increase Decrease Hydraulic gradient i.e. increase
path of percolation by providing sufficient path of percolation by providing sufficient
length of impervious floor length of impervious floor
Providing curtains or piles at both upstream Providing curtains or piles at both upstream
and downstream and downstream
%ptre of floor de to plift: %ptre of floor de to plift:
!f the weight of the floor is insufficient to resist the !f the weight of the floor is insufficient to resist the
uplift pressure, the floor may burst. This bursting uplift pressure, the floor may burst. This bursting
of the floor reduces the effective length of the of the floor reduces the effective length of the
impervious floor, which will resulting increasing impervious floor, which will resulting increasing
exit gradient, and can cause failure of the weir. exit gradient, and can cause failure of the weir.
%emedies: %emedies:
Providing impervious floor of sufficient length of Providing impervious floor of sufficient length of
appropriate thickness. appropriate thickness.
Pile at upstream to reduce uplift pressure Pile at upstream to reduce uplift pressure
downstream downstream
%ptre of floor de to sction %ptre of floor de to sction
cased by standing waves cased by standing waves
Hydraulic jump formed at the downstream Hydraulic jump formed at the downstream
of water of water
%emedies: %emedies:
Additional thickness Additional thickness
Floor thickness in one concrete mass Floor thickness in one concrete mass
Scor on the pstream and downstream of Scor on the pstream and downstream of
the weir the weir
"ccurs due to contraction of natural water way. "ccurs due to contraction of natural water way.
%emedies: %emedies:
Piles at greater depth than scour level Piles at greater depth than scour level
aunching aprons: aunching aprons:
Stones of aprons may settle in the scour hole. Stones of aprons may settle in the scour hole.
DES!N "F WE!RS "N PERNEABE DES!N "F WE!RS "N PERNEABE
F"UNDAT!"N F"UNDAT!"N
ligh's Creep Theory ligh's Creep Theory
Design of impervious floor for sub surface flow: !t is directly depended Design of impervious floor for sub surface flow: !t is directly depended
on the possibilities of percolation in porous soil on which the floor on the possibilities of percolation in porous soil on which the floor
(apron) is built. Water from upstream percolates and creeps (or travel) (apron) is built. Water from upstream percolates and creeps (or travel)
slowly through weir base and the subsoil below it. The head lost slowly through weir base and the subsoil below it. The head lost by the by the
creeping water is proportional to the distance it travels ( creeping water is proportional to the distance it travels (creep length creep length))
along the base of the weir profile. The creep length must be made as along the base of the weir profile. The creep length must be made as
big as possible so as to prevent the piping action. big as possible so as to prevent the piping action.
This can be achieved by providing deep vertical cut This can be achieved by providing deep vertical cutoffs or sheet piles. offs or sheet piles.
According to Bligh's theory, the total creep length for first drawing: According to Bligh's theory, the total creep length for first drawing:
= B = B and for second drawing: and for second drawing: = B + 2(d + d2 + d3)!f H is the = B + 2(d + d2 + d3)!f H is the
total loss of head, then the loss of head per unit length of the creep total loss of head, then the loss of head per unit length of the creep
shall be shall be
!f H is the total loss of head, then the loss of head per unit length of the !f H is the total loss of head, then the loss of head per unit length of the
creep shall be creep shall be
Bligh called the loss of head per unit length Bligh called the loss of head per unit length
of creep as Percolation coefficient. The of creep as Percolation coefficient. The
reciprocal, (/H) of the percolation reciprocal, (/H) of the percolation
coefficient is known as the coefficient of coefficient is known as the coefficient of
creep C. creep C.
Assmptions Assmptions
Hydraulic slope or gradient is constant throughout Hydraulic slope or gradient is constant throughout
the impervious length of the apron. the impervious length of the apron.
The percolating water creep along the contact of The percolating water creep along the contact of
the base profile of the apron with the sub soil the base profile of the apron with the sub soil
losing head enroute, proportional to length of its losing head enroute, proportional to length of its
travel. The length is called travel. The length is called creep length creep length. !t is the . !t is the
sum of horizontal and vertical creep. sum of horizontal and vertical creep.
Stoppage of percolation by cut off (pile) possible Stoppage of percolation by cut off (pile) possible
only if it extends up to impermeable soil strata. only if it extends up to impermeable soil strata.
Nethod "F !ncreasing Creep ength Nethod "F !ncreasing Creep ength
esign criteria: esign criteria:
Safety against piping: Safety against piping:
The length of creep should be sufficient to provide safe hydraulic The length of creep should be sufficient to provide safe hydraulic
gradient according to the type of soil. gradient according to the type of soil.
Safe creep length = = CH, C = /c Safe creep length = = CH, C = /c
Safety against plift pressre: Safety against plift pressre:
et h' = uplift pressure head at any point of apron (Hydraulic gradient et h' = uplift pressure head at any point of apron (Hydraulic gradient
line above the bottom of floor) line above the bottom of floor)
The uplift pressure = wh' where w = density of water. !f t = thickness The uplift pressure = wh' where w = density of water. !f t = thickness
of floor at the point, l = specific gravity for floor material. Then, of floor at the point, l = specific gravity for floor material. Then,
downward force per area (resisting force) = t.w.e or wh' = t.w.e downward force per area (resisting force) = t.w.e or wh' = t.w.e
For portion of floor upstream of barrier only nominal thickness need to For portion of floor upstream of barrier only nominal thickness need to
be provided since the weight of water will counterbalance the uplift be provided since the weight of water will counterbalance the uplift
pressure. pressure.
A certain minimum length of impervious floor is always necessary to A certain minimum length of impervious floor is always necessary to
the downstream of the barrier (thickness of downstream floor for worst the downstream of the barrier (thickness of downstream floor for worst
condition) condition)
Limitations of ligh's theory Limitations of ligh's theory
This theory made no distinction between horizontal and vertical creep. This theory made no distinction between horizontal and vertical creep.
Did not explain the idea of exit gradient Did not explain the idea of exit gradient safety against undermining safety against undermining
cannot simply be obtained by considering a flat average gradient but cannot simply be obtained by considering a flat average gradient but
by keeping this gradient will be low critical. by keeping this gradient will be low critical.
No distinction between outer and inner faces of sheet piles or the No distinction between outer and inner faces of sheet piles or the
intermediate sheet piles, whereas from investigation it is clear, that the intermediate sheet piles, whereas from investigation it is clear, that the
outer faces of the end sheet piles are much more effective than inner outer faces of the end sheet piles are much more effective than inner
ones. ones.
osses of head does not take place in the same proportions as the osses of head does not take place in the same proportions as the
creep length. Also the uplift pressure distribution is not linear but creep length. Also the uplift pressure distribution is not linear but
follow a sine curve. follow a sine curve.
!n case of two piles the width between should be greater than twice !n case of two piles the width between should be greater than twice
the head or the piles are not effective. the head or the piles are not effective.
hosla's Theory: hosla's Theory:
8tructure stability of Dam against piping and uplift pressure. is checked by Bligh's 8tructure stability of Dam against piping and uplift pressure. is checked by Bligh's
theory and Lane's theory f theory and Lane's theory f
structure is failed by any of the above mentioned theories then the data is structure is failed by any of the above mentioned theories then the data is
adjusted by the Khosla's theory to adjusted by the Khosla's theory to
make it safe make it safe
Calculation of creep length by Bligh's creep theory: Calculation of creep length by Bligh's creep theory:
L=8+2x+ 2x2+ 2x3 L=8+2x+ 2x2+ 2x3
L=6235 m L=6235 m
H=957 m H=957 m
8afety against piping: 8afety against piping:
For fine sand. For fine sand.
Bligh's coefficient. C=5 Bligh's coefficient. C=5
HL5C HL5C
957623555 957623555
92 67 92 67
> >
8o structure is unsafe against piping 8o structure is unsafe against piping
Calculation of creep length by Lane's weighted creep theory: Calculation of creep length by Lane's weighted creep theory:
L=8+3x+ 3x2+ 3x3 L=8+3x+ 3x2+ 3x3
L=4479 m L=4479 m
Safety against piping: Safety against piping:
For fine sand, For fine sand,
ane's coefficient, C=7 ane's coefficient, C=7
HC HC
3.S7.737 3.S7.737
0.0670. 0.0670.
So structure is safe against piping. So structure is safe against piping.
Now to make structure safe against piping in accordance with Bligh's creep theory, we Now to make structure safe against piping in accordance with Bligh's creep theory, we
will apply hosla's will apply hosla's
theory. To adjust the data for this we will increase the creep length to reduce the value theory. To adjust the data for this we will increase the creep length to reduce the value
of (H/). The desired of (H/). The desired
creep length for the safety of structure against piping in accordance with Bligh's creep creep length for the safety of structure against piping in accordance with Bligh's creep
theory can be found as, theory can be found as,
C=S C=S
H=C H=C
3.S7=S 3.S7=S
=3.SS m accurate creep length =3.SS m accurate creep length
Required increase in creep length= Required increase in creep length=Bligh's Bligh's
=3.SS =3.SS06.23S=37.26S m 06.23S=37.26S m
To adjust this increment in length, we increase the creep length by adding one more To adjust this increment in length, we increase the creep length by adding one more
sheet pile of depth 2m. By sheet pile of depth 2m. By
this change of 2m will be accommodated. But still an increment of 37.26S this change of 2m will be accommodated. But still an increment of 37.26S2=3.26S 2=3.26S
is required. This is required. This
further desired increment is achieved by increasing the horizontal floor length. et we further desired increment is achieved by increasing the horizontal floor length. et we
increase u/s floor length increase u/s floor length
by 7m and d/s floor length by 6.26Sm. by 7m and d/s floor length by 6.26Sm.
Exit radient: Exit radient:
Exit gradient at d/s end of an impervious floor Exit gradient at d/s end of an impervious floor
length(b) and the cut length(b) and the cutoff (d) is given by, off (d) is given by,
exit gradient=Hd exit gradient=Hd
Where, Where,
H=Head causing seepage H=Head causing seepage
=++ 22 =++ 22
=bd =bd
d= depth of sheet pile d= depth of sheet pile

According to hosla's theory the range of According to hosla's theory the range of
exit gradient is 6 to7. exit gradient is 6 to7.