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Debating in the schools

by Woldeghiorhis Tesefai

Slide 1 F1 product fiimon

Family, 5/8/2010

The ancient Greek were among the first to organize the value of placing ideas in open competition in order to drive at decisions about important matters . This same PRACTICE is followed today in LEGISLATION and LAW COURTS. Perhaps debating is most CHALLANGING form of ORAL communication in which you can engage.

The BENEFITS you get or gain from participating in debate is MANY .among the most important are The stimulating of your interest in current issues. The development of critical thinking ability. The sharpening of your communication skills and
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 Improvement in RESAERCH ABILITIES and You learn how THOUGHTFUL ,POSITIVE and ORDERLY CHANGE MAY BE BROUGHT ABOUT in democratic society.
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HISTORY OF DEBATING IN ERITREA

IN DIFFERENT ERAS
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HAILEHAILE-SLASSIE
With the emergence of MODERN education DEBATING did exist in the co-curricula activities where Eritrean students Like HABTOM & ANDOMthe two twin brothers from Lul Meconen (now) Asmara comprehensive, FESSEHAZION BEYENE(nickname wedi shebetbet) Hail slassie 1st secondary school now Keyh-bahri in

 DR BELAY GEORGIO from Hail-slassie 1st sec.sch. Now key-bahri 1960; ALEMSEGED TESFAYa known WRITER in new Eritrea, returned the cup he missed in 1962 ;HABTOM GHEBREMICHAEL won the other Ethiopian contests ORATORY in Addis Ababa for 4 TIMES

Derge Regime
Same methods of delivery by the kebele; political leaders ,CADRES were practiced excluding students active role of debating in school and institutions.
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In the arm struggle

There was a FREE conversations argument of to and to do forecasting some ideas to find REMEDIES or solution which enable the fighters CONFIDENCE forwarding their ideas

AFTER FREEDOM
Every secondary school students begun to appear on the stage to deliver speeches of difference topics after the SPEECH BLAST by Asmara comprehensive sec.sch students chaired by MEMHIR WOLDEGERGIS TESFAYand semaetat sec.sch Chaired by teacher BERHE MIHRETEAB on science is a bless vs. science is a curse .

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Objectives in debating
GENERAL OBJECTIVES To help the students learn hoe to PREPARE

THEIR OWN IDEAS AND SUSTAIN THEM FROM ERRIBLE ATTACK OF THE OPPONENT forwarding a
burden of proof convincing argument . Are referred to develop students SELFESTEEM being competent in using books of reference taking notes and organizing ideas or facts.

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It is to serve students practice debating to master the techniques of stage management avoid stage fright and familiarization them with their contestant (compitants )and the audience
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Finally ,as a proverb indicates MAN ISMADE ,HE IS NOT BORN the designed interschool debating activities does not only help students acquire a good command of the language ,become witty and sharp-minded ,but it also helps them to sharpPUBLICdevelop their skills IN PUBLIC-speaking while trying to become notable lectures ,speakers , debaters and eventually orators.
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H. Questions in mind
1. To WHOM I am speaking 2. Where do I want to KNOW BELIEVE on to as a result of my speech. 3. Where is most effective way of composing & presenting my speech to ACCOMPLISH THAT AIM.

I. Guides for making speech

1. Give all ESSENTIAL information. 2. REPEAT at the most a sprout FACTS 3. Attract attention at the START. 4. be BRIEF & completeness. 5. MEMORIZE items. 6. START speaking attention. 7. Speak to the BACK-ROW. 8. Attention to KEY WORDS.
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J. subjects for debates are expressed in form of prepositions A preposition of fact preposition of value preposition of explanation preposition of policy.
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K. skills of effective language choice

speak in short simple sentence use language understand use concrete language and specific language use restatement understand

 Variety of words &types of sentence. use contrasts to help your admire to remember what you say . use rhetorical questions and repetition to gain attraction of your audience . use figures of speech imaginative and memorable use words correctly use clich and serotypes use slung sparingly in speeches
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L. guides for conversation

be friendly , if you do not like
while being said

be interesting to contribute be easy and informal.

listen carefully to what things are said.

 keep conversation going Bring out the best in others by supporting their opinions if you disagree, do it pleasantly politely wait your turn to talk. keep your sense of humor address yourself to the group
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M. what are the skills that makes someone an effective communicator .

sincerity knowledge organization listening confidence language (verbal/non verbal) goal setting

N. guides for making speeches

choose the subject which is not too large or to small . start and end with strong and interesting
sentences. use alternative materials ,if they can help make your talk clear and interesting sentence . organize your ideas so that they are easy to follow . use notes written on 3x5 cards .

 speak clearly and carefully avoid saying err uh . make sure you can be heard easily by all. look at your audience. stand naturally ,neither stiff nor too informally avoid useless gestures and body movements
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O. speech delivery skills

be aware of the best method of delivery . combine methods of delivery for greater effectiveness . be ware of the non verbal
aspect of speech delivery.

 4. use note cards. 5. be poised, confident & well groomed when speaking. 6. use proper volume & pitch. 7. use pause in your speech effectively. 8. use clear articulation & correct pronunciation. 9. learn to use a lantern & microphone property. 10. develop effective way of dating with destructions & intimations when given a speech.

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P. Topics to choose
1. Organize the body of the speech on an outline 2. Write an introduction that gets the
attraction of your audience. 3. Carefully consider structuring of the body of your speech. 4. Compose a careful thoughtfulconclusion. 5. Prepare your

visual aids.
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1. Use different approaches for different audience. 2. Show a high confidence.

Q. Approach to suit the need of the audience

degree of competence and

3. Sincerely, dont fake it. Sincerity is the second

part of a speakers prestige.

4. Good will show a genuine interest in your

audience. 5. Use rapid evidence and correct reasoning.

evidence suit your audience. 7. Be responsible in delivering a speech.

6. Make your

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Q2.Skills Of Persuasive Speeches

1. Realize the primary goals of a persuasive speech. 2. know when to use a particular type of persuasive
speech.

3. Understand the three primary sources of

persuasion

 Pathos  Ethos  Logos 4. Show your audience that youre confident and competent.

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5. Be sincere and show good will to

your audience. 6. Be responsible when you speak to persuade. 7. Use evidence that suits your audience. 8. Use rapid evidence and correct reasoning.
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R2. Speech are of many kinds. Speeches need to be approached differently to suit the audience in different ways.
introduction. 2. Speeches of presentation. 3. Speeches of acceptance. 4. Combative speech. 5. Testimonial speech.
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1. Speeches of

special occasions. 7. Key note speeches. 8. Dedication speeches. 9. Public relation speeches. 10. Speeches to entertain.

6. Speeches for

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R2.Rules and techniques in debating

1. Therere two teams 2/3

2. Affirmative must advocate everything

required by the topic itself. 3. The affirmative may work out the details of as it sees for. It may take on the burden of passing anything it desires.

its plan

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4. The negative may offer any counter plan that would be in order in a legislative assembly discussion the preposition. 5. The affirmative must explain upon demand by the negative. The major feature and policy under which the proposed plan is to operate.

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S. The speeches
1. The speeches and speaking time are divided equally between the two teams. 2. Each team has two or three constructive speeches. 3. Each team, although it varies according to the time, constrains has from one to three refute speeches. 4. The affirmative gives the first constructive speeches alternate affirmative, negative, affirmative, negative.

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A. Constructive speech (8-10) (8 First affirmative First negative Second affirmative Second negative
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B. Rebuttal speeches
First negative First affirmative Second negative Second affirmative
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C. Cross examination speech (2-3min) (2 First affirmative

Cross examination by second negative

First negative

Cross examination by first affirmative

Second affirmative

Cross examination by affirmative

Second negative

Cross examination by second by second

affirmative
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Refute speeches (2-5 min) (2 First negative First affirmative Second negative Second affirmative

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S2. evaluation format

1) Language appropriateness, clarity of voice, fluency, accuracy. 2) Manner of presentation, confidence, gesture, movement. 3) Knowledge of subject matter content,
arrangement of ideas, coherence, sticking to the point.

4) Refutation (rebuttal)
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b. Evaluation format table

GO THE REFERENCE FILE EVALUATION FORMAT.DOC

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T. Formats to follow
1. Standard format
Two different kinds of speeches are made by each of the two speeches on each team. Each speeches give both constructive speech and rebuttal.

2. Cross examination format has also tow

speakers representing each other. In this format cross examination follow immediately after each constructive speech.
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3. Lincoln/ Dongless format it gets its

name from the famous debates between senatorial candidates. Abram Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas in 1858. In Lincoln Douglas style of debates, each side is represented by only one speaker.

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U. Know the audience attitude

1. Positive audience agrees 2. Neutral audience has different need. 3. Dis-interested audience careless,
irrelevant, to his needs.

4. The opposed audience is the most

difficult and disagree with your stand on the topic.
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U2. Use different methods of delivery

1. The manuscript method-write

2. Memorization method-word by word 3. Extemporaneously method- ideas 4. The imposed method

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V. Steps to follow in delivering

1. Walk to the platform vigorously but not
hastily. Arrange any notes on the lectern, turn your face up toward your listners and look about at various sides of the audience for several seconds before beginning to speak. 2. Make eye contact. 3. A primary fact in delivering is the speakers

I. Voice (volume, pitch, rate, ., vocal

Variety,
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All affect the way listeners respond to speakers, dress & groom can do little to change. 6. Know the psychology of the audience. 7. Be careful with consonants that easily slurred or dropped all together ( madder- mother) 8. Use speakers sound effectively & the .. 9. Use your notes effectively 10.Place the cards near the top edge of the pedium.

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11.Feel free to hand.

hold one or two cards in your

12.Plan not to look at your audience card at

all during your presentation. 13.Make the most

of your audience, much of the appeal of glamorous starts come

from their appearance.
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W. Stages to follow in delivery

Voice Volume Rates Pauses Non-verbal Conversation Psychology of the audience Consonants Sound effectivity

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THE END
PROFOUND THANKS WOLDEGIORGIS TESFAI E-MAIL: woldetesfai@yahoo.com

TEL-07263180
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