Aggregation and Secure Aggregation

Learning Objectives
Understand why we need aggregation in WSNs Understand aggregation protocols in WSNs Understand secure aggregation protocols in WSNs

Prerequisites
Module 7 Basic concepts of computer networks Basic concepts of network security

Why do we need Aggregation?

Sensor networks Event-based Systems Example Query:
What is the maximum temperature in area A between 10am and 11am? Redundancy in the event data

Individual sensor readings are of limit use Forwarding raw information too expensive
Scarce energy Scarce bandwidth

Solution
Combine the data coming from different sources
Eliminate redundancy Minimize the number of transmissions

Aggregation: Summary
[Aggre_1] Section 1 4

What is Aggregation?
Base Station
Wireless Sensor Node Data Transmission

Legend

N J
f(v1, v2, v3) v1

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Sensor Measurement

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One Example of Aggregation - Count

Example: consider a query that counts the number of motes in a network of indeterminate size

Sensor # 1 2 4 5 Goal: Count the number of nodes in the network. Number of children is unknown. 3

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Scenario: Count

adopted from slides from S. Madden

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Scenario: Count

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Scenario: Count

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Scenario: Count

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Scenario: Count

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Scenario: Count

Count Example A Better Scheme

Each leaf node in the tree reports a count of 1 to their parents Interior nodes sum the count of their children, add 1 to it, and report that value to their parent

Data Aggregation Process

Sensor nodes are organized into a tree hierarchy rooted at the Base Station Non-leaf nodes act as the aggregators

Example Aggregation
Max, Min Count, Sum Average Median

Tiny Aggregation
Distribution phase
Aggregate queries are pushed down into the network

Collection phase
Aggregate values are continuously routed up from children to parents

Energy Consumption
Time v. Current Draw During Query Processing
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15

Current (mA)

Snoozing Processing and Listening Transmitting 5 Processing

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Declarative Queries for Sensor Networks

Examples:
1 SELECT nodeid, light
FROM sensors WHERE light > 400 EPOCH DURATION 1s

Sensors
Epoch Nodeid 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 Light Temp Accel Sound 455 389 422 405 x x x x x x x x x x x x

Time is partitioned into epochs of duration i A single aggregate value is produced to combine the readings of all devices during the epoch

Aggregation Queries
2
SELECT AVG(sound) FROM sensors EPOCH DURATION 10s

Epoch 0 1

AVG(sound) 440 445

3
SELECT roomNo, AVG(sound) FROM sensors GROUP BY roomNo HAVING AVG(sound) > 200 EPOCH DURATION 10s

Epoch roomNo AVG(sound) 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 360 520 370 520

Rooms w/ sound > 200

Illustration: Aggregation
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sensors Sensor #
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Section 4.1 of TAG

Illustration: Aggregation
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sensors Sensor #
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Illustration: Aggregation
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sensors Sensor #
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Illustration: Aggregation
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sensors Sensor #
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Illustration: Aggregation
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sensors Sensor #
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Flow Up the tree during an epoch

How parents choose the duration of the interval in which they will receive values?

Topology Maintenance and Recovery

How to address the unreliable nature of WSNs in TAG?
Each node maintains a fixed size of its neighbors Select a better parent node If a node does not hear from its parent for some time, it assumes that its parent has failed

Section 7.1 of [Aggre_1]

Secure Aggregation

Secure Aggregation
It is challenging to design suitable security mechanisms for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
Stringent resource constraints on energy, processing power, memory, bandwidth, etc.

WSNs need lightweight secure mechanisms We introduce an LCG-based secure aggregation scheme
Efficiency and simplicity

Security Goals
Security Goals
Confidentiality
Sensor data/readings cannot be disclosed to attackers

Integrity
If an adversary modifies a data message, the receiver should be able to detect this tampering

Authenticity
Ensures that data messages come from the intended sender

Assumptions
The existence of a key management scheme WSN nodes can negotiate the key and trust setup

LCG-based Security Protocols

Basic Hop by Hop Message Transmission
B se S tio a ta n
J

E(A g gr

| M C (A g A gr
A

H,

KHJ ), KHJ )
I H

E(PA | M C (PA, KAH ), KAH ) A

E

D C

E(PB | M C (PB, KBH ), KBH ) A

E(PB | M C (PB, KD ), KDH ) A H

Notations

E(PB | M C (PB, KCH ), KCH ) A

A, B, C: Sensor Nodes E(P, K): Encryption of plaintext message P using key K P1|P2: Concatenation of message P1 and P2

MAC(K, P): Message Authentication Code (MAC) of message P using key K X0: seed of the LCG a, b, m: Parameters of the LCG

Integrity and Authenticity

CBC: Cipher Block Chaining

Assignment
1. Why do we need aggregation in wireless sensor networks? 2. What is the basic idea of TAG? 3. What is the basic idea of LCG-based secure aggregation in wireless sensor networks?