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Casing Cementing

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Casing Cementing
Lecture Contents:
Lecture Objectives, Primary Cementing, Cement Classifications, Cement Additives, Casing Hardware,

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Casing Cementing
Lecture Objectives:
At the end of this lecture, YOU will be able to:
Understand the difference between primary and secondary cementing jobs, Identify classes of cements appropriate for different depth range, Explain how the properties of cement may be altered by the use of additives, Identify basic casing hardware and describe ways to assist in the preparation of a cement job.
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Casing Cementing
Primary cementing is the introduction of cementacious material into the annulus between casing and openhole to: Provide zonal isolation, Support axial load of casing string and other strings to be run later, Provide casing protection against corrosion, Support the borehole,
Secondary cementing or Remedial jobs:

Squeeze cementing, Cement plug.

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Casing Cementing
Primary Cementing;

Conductor Pipe:
Large excess required, Thru-drill pipe cementing common, BOPs not unusually connected, Common Cements; Accelerated Top-Fill if necessary.

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Casing Cementing
Primary Cementing;

Thru-Drill Pipe Cementing (Stinger Cementation);

Key Points:
Cement Contamination, Channeling, Displacement, Pump until Cement is at surface.

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Casing Cementing
Primary Cementing;
Outside Cementing (Top-Fill); Purpose:
Bring Cement to Surface.

Macaroni TBG used:

Max depth 250 - 300 ft, High friction Pressures, Only access via casing spool side outlet

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Casing Cementing
Primary Cementing;

Surface Casing;
Excess of 100%, Recommended thru-drillpipe method to save:
Cement and Rig time.

Common Cements:
Lead light slurry with high yields, Neat tail slurries with good compressive strength, Reduce WOC to a minimum with accelerators.
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Casing Cementing
Primary Cementing;

Intermediate/Production Casing:
Cemented to surface or into previous casing shoe, Two stage cement jobs may be required, Plugs, casing equipment and casing accessories are used, Require large cement volumes, excess of up to 50%.

Common Cements:
Typically filler slurries followed by high compressive tail,
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Casing Cementing
Casing String Components;
Float Shoe or Guide Shoe:
It is attached to the bottom casing joint, It serves as a guide for the casing as it is being run into the wellbore and acts as a one way valve.

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Casing Cementing
Casing String Components;
Float Collar:
This is set about two-three joints above the casing shoe, and act as a one way valve, When it is used, the cement plugs land on top of it.

Ball Type

Flapper Type
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Casing Cementing
Cementing Accessories:
Cementing Basket, to minimize losses in weak zones. Centralizer, to centre casing in bore hole to promote even distribution of cement around casing.

Cementing Basket
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Centralizer
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Casing Cementing
Cementing Accessories;
Scratchers, to scratch off the mud cake to improve cement bond

Reciprocating Scratcher Rotating Scratcher

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Casing Cementing
Cementing Hardware;

Wiper Plugs:
To Separate Fluids, (cement/chemical wash/mud) Wiping the casing clean, Surface indication of placement.

Top Plug (Solid) 14

Bottom Plug (pump through)

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Casing Cementing
Cementing Hardware;

Surface Equipment: Cement Head.

Single Plug Cement Head

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Double Plug Cement Head

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Formation Integrity Test (FIT)

Purpose:
To investigate cement strength around the shoe (Cement Integrity Test), To approximate fracture gradient, (Leak Off Test), To investigate wellbore capability to withstand pressure below the shoe, To collect regional information on the formation strength for optimization of well design on future wells.
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Formation Integrity Test (FIT)

Test Procedure:
Drill 5 to 10 ft below the last casing shoe, Circulate to condition mud (MW in = MW out), POOH to last casing shoe, Connect cement unit to test surface line, Close Pipe Rams,Start pumping at slow rate (i.e. 1/4 BPM) (A), While pumping, observe the pressure build-up until it deviates (B), Record pressure. (C), Bleed-off and record return.
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Formation Integrity Test (FIT)

Leak-off or Cement Integrity Test procedure:

C
Pressure

C: Leak-off pressure is reached

B -C: Mud Penetrating the formation B: Start of Leak-off A-B: Linear Increase
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Primary Cementing;

Two Stage Cementing; Reasons to do:

Separation and isolation of zones, Reduces hydrostatic, Can leave zone in the annulus uncemented (cement at TD and surface), Loss zone.

SECOND STAGE

Casing Cementing

STAGE COLLAR

FIRST STAGE

FLOAT COLLAR FLOAT SHOE

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Casing Cementing
Casing String Components;
Multiple Stage Cementer:

CLOSING PLUG

OPENING PLUG

Running in Position
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Cementing Position

Closed Position
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Casing Cementing
Casing String Components from bottom up;
Float shoe
guide and check valve to prevent cement back flow

3 Casing joints
to capture any contaminated cement

Float collar
second check valve landing of bottom and top wiper plugs

DV collar or Stage Collar (optional) Centrilizers Scratchers

to remove mudcake and improve cement bond to prevent / reduce cement channelling

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Primary Cementing
Primary Cementing;
Liner cementation;
Run on liner hangers with Drill pipe Cemented to Top Of Liner (TOL) Drill pipe and liner wiper plug combination used Generally small volumes
Liner Hanger Running Tool Shear Pin Liner Wiper Plug Drill pipe Wiper Plug

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Primary Cementing
Primary Cementing;
Notes on Liner cementation; Liner-lap integrity is critical wrt isolation/sealing (200-400 ft) Small clearance between borehole and liner OD Incomplete removal of mud Liner riding on low side of borehole
Running Tool Shear Pin Liner Wiper Plug Drill pipe Wiper Plug

Liner Hanger

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Casing Cementing
Secondary Cementing; (Remedial job): Squeeze cementing
to squeeze off water layers to repair primary cementing jobs

NOTE: generally not effective:

risk of creating vertical fracs fluid losses and early setting of cement, (flash set)

Cement plug
to abandon depleted zones to abandon well
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Casing Cementing
Cement Classifications;
API identifies classes and properties for cement: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J. The criteria used for the selection: downhole temperatures influence setting time slurry density in relation to drilled formations compatibility with formation (sulfate) waters rheological properties to displace mud
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Casing Cementing
Cement Properties:
Be impermeable to gas, if present while setting. Develop strength quickly once it has been placed, Develop sufficient strength in the long term, Develop casing and formation bond strength, Have low permeability to prevent gas and fluid migration Maintain quality under severe temperature and pressure.

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Casing Cementing
Cement Compressive Strength is required for:
Securing and supporting the casing, Withstanding the shock loading of drilling and perforating, Supporting hydraulic pressures without fracturing, Withstanding the load of tectonic forces such as salt zone.
Overburden Pressure Cement Casing

Mobile Formation Hydrostatic Pressure 27

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Casing Cementing
Cement Compressive Strength:
Lab test proves that CS required to support casing is normally less than 100 psi, 500 psi are required before drill-out cement, High CS are required to withstand hydraulic pressure during injection and production operation, CS, typically increases with time as cement hardens, but under temperatures over 230 0 F, the CS may decrease over a period of time, this is called STRENGTH RETROGRESSION.
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Casing Cementing
Cement Additives;
Accelerators:
Accelerators generally work to decrease the thickening time and build early compressive strength, reduce WOC. (e.g. CaCl2).

Retarders:
These are chemicals used to delay cement setting time, in order to allow enough time for proper slurry placement, (e.g. Lignosulfonates).

Dispersants:
These help maintain a uniform distribution of components in a slurry and result in maintaining flow properties.
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Casing Cementing
Cement Additives;

Extenders:
They are used to decrease the density and increase the volume, to prevent fractures. (e.g. Bentonite)

Weighting Agents:
These are chemicals used to increase the cement slurry density, to prevent kicks. (e.g. Barite)

Lost Circulation Materials (LCM):

They help to combat fluid loss, formation damage and to prevent losing water to prevent unwanted setting or no setting at all.
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Casing Cementing
Demos:

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Casing Cementing
Now YOU should be able to:
Understand the difference between primary and secondary cementing jobs, Identify classes of cement appropriate for different applications, Explain how the properties of cement may be altered by the use of additives, Identify basic casing hardware. Describe the cementing process
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Network of Excellence in Training

Casing Cementing

End of Lecture

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