Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Cosponsored by World Bank State Secretariat for Economic Affairs , Switzerland Cities Alliance
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However, limited consensus on policies that can balance efficiency, equity and sustainability Which policies? When? In what sequence? Where? UR
Challenges.
Urbanization shaped by multi sectoraland multi jurisdictional processes and policies But policy discourse, development assistance, and research on urbanization often run within jurisdictional and sectoral silos
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Diagnostic focus
Common Institutions
Fluid land markets: economic concentration Basic services: convergence of social indicators
Connective Infrastructure
Extra urban: product market integration Intra urban: labor market integration
Targeted Interventions
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Remedial: identify government failures visible in slum formation Social: identify market failures such as
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Land market restrictions also keep poor people poorer as they earn less per for their labor (less diversification)
India: Excessively high land rents in metropolitan areas signal policy distortions
Delhi
80 percent of Tokyos office rents; 10 percent of income (India)
Mumbai
124 percent of Singapore s office rents; 12 percent of income
Prices much higher than what city fundamentals would suggest Bangalore -- look at FSI , Zoning , public land ownership and developer financ
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75 percent of
India: Access to basic services much worse in secondary cities and rural areas
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Water
Sanitation
75%
50%
25%
0%
BogotaLargest
Smallest BogotaLargest
Smallest BogotaLargest
Smalle
1964
1993
2005
access, improving quality will be important -collecting drinking water samples highlights percent of the samples taken outside the failed to meet minimum quality standards
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Infrastructure improvements can lower transport costs and connect the portfolio of settlements
Facilitate movement of people (rural urban linkages) Facilitate movement of products (trade and specialization across cities)
What investments are being planned to lower transport costs? What are the efficiency tradeoffs among alternate investment choices?
Modal composition, location preferences
Sri Lanka: prioritize investments to connect remote areas or agglomerations with trade potential?
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S u rve y a l n g 4 5 R o u te s o Freight rates for short distance (less than 100km) transport is on average as high as Rs. 5.2 per ton km (US$ 0.12) between large cities and their immediate hinterland Use of old trucks + high rates of empty backhauls
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Remedial interventions
Housing interventions
What share of urban households live in slums? What are government programs to improve housing conditions for the poor? What citywide investments have preceded or accompanied housing interventions?
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Early
Enable private markets, provide social services soft structures
Intermediate
Connective infrastructure hard structures
Advanced
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Recognize the most important market forces ; Release constraints on the key factor markets
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India (early) Sri Lanka Vietnam Indonesia China (intermediate) South Africa Brazil (advanced) Colombia South Korea
Timeline
Toolkit report World Bank/ SDN flagship: March 2012 Country Pilots December 2011 Rollout ongoing
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Thank You
Somik V. Lall (slall1@worldbank.org) Austin Kilroy (akilroy@worldbank.org) Nancy Lozano ( nlozano@worldbank.org) Hyoung Gun Wang ( hwang4@worldbank.org)
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