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to translate psyche as mind and psychology was then defined as a study of the mind.
It was eventually replaced by the definition of
Psychologists have different ideas about what psychology should or should not include, about what it should emphasize, and about what research methods are best. When a large number of psychologists strongly support a certain view it is called a school.
Edward Titchener
started with the principle that all complex substances could be analyzed through their component elements (hence, the name elementarism). Titchener believed that sensation and thoughts are structures of mind.
The subject reports sensations, feelings and images
through his own sensory experiences called the method of introspection, or mental self analysis (hence, the name Introspective Psychology).
By
Apple
John Dewey
James R. Angell
William James
importance to the psychologist but the function of the matter the functionalists focused on the operations or functions of conscious activity (e.g. thinking, learning), while structuralists studied the so-called elements (e.g. ideas, sensations) of consciousness.
Through introspection, the use of instruments to record
and measure; and objective manifestations of mind, the total behavior of an individual is studied including the interest in the functions served by the things an individual does. The functionalists redefined psychology as the study of mans adjustments to his environment.
John Watson
E. L. Thorndike
science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods.
It defines Psychology as the science of behavior and not
of consciousness. It denies the existence of instinct or of inborn tendencies, but insists on learned behavior.
It
is psychology based upon stimulus-response connections. The behaviorists believe that there can be no response without stimulus.
Ivan
P. Pavlov, a Russian physiologist and his experiments on conditioned responses established the phenomena of conditioning, a method of behaviorism.
Max Wertheimer
Kurt Koffka
Wolfgang Kohler
or organization.
The whole is more than the sum of all its parts. Stated that many aspects of perception can not be interpreted
singly as unitary aspects isolated from the component whole. understanding of learning, memory and problem solving.
They
advocated phenomenology (a method of free introspection where we interpret stimuli in what is seen in relation to other aspects of the whole).
The Rubin Goblet illustrates a basic concept from Gestalt psychology: the figure-ground distinction. When a gestalt is formed (perceived) it becomes a figure (a thing apart, an entity or object). A figure is always backed up by a surrounding ground. With Rubin's goblet, the goblet and faces take turns being figure and ground. When you see the goblet, the faces disappear into a black background. When you see the faces, the goblet disappears into a white background. A pattern cannot be seen as figure and ground at the same time. Yet the pattern in the external worldthe stimulusdoes not change. Only the perception of it changes.
Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler and Carl Jung They insist on human desires and primitive impulses as the central
factors of behavior.
These desires are unacceptable wishes of childhood, principally
libidinal (sexual) repressed in our subconscious because they are socially unacceptable.
These repressed desires press to find expression in dreams, slips of
subject may find catharsis (a cleansing out thru verbal expression) these libidinal wishes can be searched out from ones subconscious.
a definite purpose.
This psychology is sometimes called Hormic psychology
because according to McDougall, the secretion of ones hormones is responsible for the motive force that propels one to strive towards the attainment of ones goals.
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Stresses the persons capacity for personal growth,
freedom to choose his own destiny and positive qualities, also, we have the ability to direct and control our future.
This approach tells us that we are the ones in control of
our lives and not our experiences or our environment as with other approaches.
cognitive approach. Psychologists of this approach study how individuals process information, how it is perceived, stored and retrieved for future use.
Hobbes
Concerned
numbers of connections.
chemicals.
The memory informs the nerve cell to send out chemical
command.
The chemicals then serve as the ink to encode memory
Gives
emphasis to the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in explaining behavior.