Definition of Research

Research is a purposive, systematic and scientific process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, organizing, presenting, and interpreting data for the solution of a problem, for prediction, for invention, for the discovery of truth, or for the expansion or verification of existing knowledge, all for the preservation of human life (Calderon & Gonzales, 1993)

TYPES OF RESEARCH
According To Vizcarra, (2004)  Basic research- also known as pure researchresearch. It is usually done to develop theories or principles. Researcher try to explore so as to come up with principles which will serve as the bases for further knowledge and development  Applied research- it is done to test theories researchand concepts developed for verification, application, development, support and their relationship to existing body of knowledge

Classification of Research by Methods

1. Qualitative Research Designs - Historical - Ethnographic - Case study 2. Quantitative Research Designs - Descriptive research - Experimental research

 Action research- it focuses on immediate researchsolution of the problem without necessarily using scientific principles in order to find solution to problems. Action research is inquiry or research in the context of focused efforts to improve the quality of an organization and its performance. It typically is designed and conducted by practitioners who analyze the data to improve their own practice. Action research can be done by individuals or by teams of colleagues. The team approach is called collaborative inquiry." inquiry

Qualitative Research
 Historical research - it attempts to broaden our knowledge because it systematically collects, evaluates, describes and explain activities occurring in the past  Ethnographic research- it aims to provide a researchholistic view of the problems. The instrument used in data gathering is usually observation, interview and participation. Careful analysis should be made to come up with a comprehensive perspective of the problem

 Case study design- it is similar to ethnographic designand historical research in almost all approaches. It uses the past and the present to describe the future of the problem. It utilizes observations, interviews and examinations like IQ or diagnostic test to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the problem

Quantitative Research
 Descriptive design- is a scientific method designwhich involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way. Many scientific disciplines, especially social science and psychology, use this method to obtain a general overview of the subject

Types of Descriptive Research

 Typical Descriptive Design: Examines characteristics of a single sample (explores aspects of phenomena of interest).  Comparative Descriptive Design: Compares two or more groups that occur naturally in a setting (explores for differences).  Descriptive Correlational Design: Describes the relationship among variables in a particular sample

Predictive Correlational: Attempts to explore Correlational: what factors predict (have an influence on) another variable. Because this design variable. explores causality, the term independent variable is used to describe the predictor variables that are thought to predict the outcome variables (often called the dependent variable). variable).

 Experimental Research Design- it is different Designfrom other research design in as much that this design tries to explore the nature, characteristics, relationships, and differences of one or more variable. The term experiment requires manipulation of variables to observe effects or results. This designs describes what will be. It means that the researcher has to determine the effects of the variables being manipulated together with the main objectives of the study

Research Proper
 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

 Rationale/ Background of the Study

 First part of chapter 1. There must be theme which serves as an outline so that there is continuity of ideas. The theme is based on the important variables of the study, their scope, nature and characteristics.  Approach is macro to micro (international national regional- local). regional-

 Introductory statement must be eye-catching. eyeThe issues relating to the investigation should be quoted or documented to encourage readers to read on. Suggest you quote from well known writers of the discipline or take quotes from ISI refereed journals  The last part of the study is a brief situational analysis to present information on the problem and what makes the researcher indulge into that study. The analysis must show that the study is relevant and contributes to present issues and concern

Statement of the Problem

 This is a statement which describes the problem of your study.  Example- The main aim of this study is to Exampledetermine the significant relationship between learning preference and performance outcome of third year high school students in the Toril District during SY 2009-2010 2009-

It also consists of sub problems which will answer concerns from the main problem statement ExampleExample- Specifically, it seeks answer to the following questions: 1. What is the respondents distribution profile when grouped according to: 1.1 gender 1.2 school 1.3 learning preference


2. What is the level of performance outcome of the students on Math and Science, English and Filipino and MAPEH when analyzed according to their learning preferences? 3. Is there a significant difference in the respondents level of performance outcome when grouped according to profile? 4. Is there a significant relationship between respondents learning preference and performance outcome during school year 2009 2010?

Hypothesis of the Study

 Hypothesis is a statement to be proven. It is an educated guess. Hypothesis is based on the sub problems of the study.  Hypothesis are stated in null or positive form  There are two types of hypothesis: descriptive statistical hypothesis: Descriptive is used for descriptive questions while a statistical hypothesis is for questions on the relationship or differences of data obtained from the questions asked

 Example descriptive: The level of performance outcome of the students on Math and Science, English and Filipino and MAPEH when analyzed according to their learning preferences is low. (based on sub problem 2)  Example of statistical: There is no significant difference in the respondents level of performance outcome when grouped according to profile (based on sub problem 3)

Related Literature
 These are the writings and literatures of gurus in the discipline that will serve as support of your study.  The literature and writings must come published books, articles and journals of the discipline or any related discipline  The literature helps the researcher to look for possible theories, concepts, or principles to support his research study. It also proves that the study is researchable and possess novelty  If possible, get literatures from refereed journals

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

 The theoretical framework supports your study with some specific theories and concepts to show that the study is researchable on a scientific basis. The theories relative to the investigation provide directions on undertaking the study.  In looking for theories, refer to the related literatures that you have collected  The theory must be something that will really support your study and if possible the basis of your variables

 Example: Instructivist Learning Theory and Playground Theory which supports the sample study  Example: Instructivist Learning Theory and Playground Theory which supports the sample study

Conceptual Framework
Independent Variable Students Learning Preference - Visual - Aural - Verbal - Physical - Logical Dependent Variable Students Performance - Math and Science - English and Filipino - MAPEH

Gender School

Variables of the Study

 Variables of the study- independent variables study(predictor) are the input variables. This is manipulated by the researcher and the manipulation causes an effect on the dependent variable. The dependent variable is measured, predicted or otherwise monitored and is expected to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. The moderating variable is a second independent variable that is included because it is believed to have significant contribution or contingent effect on the originally IV-DV relationship. IV-

Significance of the Study

 This part of your study deals with the benefits of your study. Who are those who will benefit from the study (Direct and indirect)?  List all the beneficiaries

Example: The findings of the study may be beneficial to the following  School Administrators- results of the study may Administratorsserve as a basis for the school administrators to redesign their current curriculum.  Teachers- results of the study will help the Teachersteachers know the learning preference of their students and therefore can be a basis for improving their teaching strategies in accordance to the learning needs of the students

Definition of Terms
 There are two ways of defining terms- operational and termsconceptual  Operational definition of terms- definition used by the termsresearcher is based on his/her study. They can be defined according to variables included in the instrument of the study. Example: Academic Performance-in this study, it refers to the average Performancepercentage grade in eight subjects of 3rd year high school students in four selected schools of Toril District  Conceptual definition of terms- mostly concerned with termsthe definitions of attributing authorities or simply the meaning used in books and other published journals

CHAPTER 2- METHODOLOGY 2
Research Design
 This is either qualitative or quantitative. You have to specify the specific design used. Example Descriptive correlational or descriptive comparative design. You have to justify why you used such design or is the design the appropriate research design for your study?

 Example- The research designed used in this Examplestudy is the descriptive correlational research design since the study aims to determine the relationship between students learning preference and their academic performance. According to Vizcarra (2004), descriptive correlational design should be used when the study aims to determine relationship between two or more variables

Participants This is the number of respondents of your study. You have to discuss how you arrive to such number of data. Does it represent the whole population of your study? In determining the total population of your

study, the most common tool used is the

 SLOVINs Formula  n = N / 1 Ne2 Where n = sample N = total population e2 = margin of error preferred

 Sampling technique must also be discussed. How did you go on with your sampling? Two general types of sampling: Probability random sampling and non-probability sampling. non Probability sampling- equal the opportunities samplingfor the population top be chosen as participants of the study: simple random sampling (lottery or fishbowl technique), proportional random sampling (from different groups and must be proportionate), stratified random sampling, and systematic random sampling  Non-probability sampling- these are Nonsamplingconvenience sampling, purposive sampling, quota sampling

Instrument
 It refers to the instrument used in the gathering of data. How did you gather data? If you make use of a questionnaire how reliable is it and how valid is it. The question of reliability and validity is at stake. Therefore the questionnaire must first be validated before you use it. It can either be face validated or undergo content analysis using different statistical tools.

 The instrument must be described- the parts must be describedemphasized clearly. Example: The main instrument used in gathering data is a questionnaire adapted and patterned from Memletics Learning Style Inventory. It has 25 items where the students were given a four point interval scale of 4) strongly agree, 3) agree, 2) disagree and 1) strongly disagree in answering. Item numbers 2, 3, 9, 18 and 20 were grouped together for they reflect characteristics of visual preference; item numbers 6, 12, 13, 15 and 24 for aural preference; item numbers 4, 8, 11, 16 and 22 for verbal preference; item numbers 5, 7, 10, 17 and 21 for physical and item numbers 1, 14, 19, 23 and 25 for logical preference. The highest score obtained was considered as the preferred mode of learning of the respondents. The other source of data for this study was the Form 138 A or the Report Card of the students from their respective advisers. From this, their performance outcome was derived.

Procedure  This refers to the different steps and procedures the you have to do before you can finish your research. State from the very beginning up to presentation of data

Data Analysis Tools  This pertains to the different statistical tools that you will be using in your study.  You have to cite the statistical tools to be used per sub-problem of your substudy

Example: Descriptive and Non Parametric Test of Difference and Correlation were used in this study. Data were tested using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v. 10.0).  Frequency and Percentage. It was used to determine the respondents distribution profile according to gender, school and learning preferences.  Mean. It was used to determine the level of Mean. respondents performance outcome in Math and Science, Filipino and English and MAPEH

 The following range of interpretation was used to interpret the mean score obtained:

Range 75.00 79.99 80.00 84.99 85.00 89.99 90.00 94.99 95.00 above

Description Low Performance Fair Performance Average Performance Satisfactory Performance Outstanding Performance

 Mann Whitney Test. It was used to Test. determine the significant difference in students performance outcome and analyzed according to gender.  Kruskal Wallis Test. It was used to Test. determine the significant difference in students performance outcome when grouped according to school and learning preference.  Chi Square Test. It was used to determine Test. the significant relationship between students learning preference and performance outcome

 It should be noted that the type of statistics to be used depends on the data that you have gathered: nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio data. Use nonparametric test if data are in nominal (gender) or ordinal form (order form: high medium or low). Use parametric test when data obtained are in interval (temperature in degrees) or in ratio scale (age in years)  Also, take note of your hypothetical question: if you are looking for significant difference use test for difference such as: kruskal wallis, mann whitney for nonparametric and for parametric ANOVA or tttest  If looking for relationship use chi square for parametric test and Pearson r or regression for parametric test

CHAPTER 3- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3 Descriptive results of the study can be presented in tabular (table) or graphical manner (pie or bar)  All results must be discussed thoroughly
Factor
Mean Description

100 80 60 East 40 20 0 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr W est North

 The number of tables or graph depends on the number of sub-problems you have in your problem substatement  Always give support or justification to the results of your study by citing previous research studies. Example: Results of the study showed that the academic performance of the students are high when taught according to their learning preference. This is in consonance with the study of Vizcarra, where results of his study on learning preference and academic performance of students in selected schools in Manila were correlated

CHAPTER 4- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND 4RECOMMENDATION

 This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations

Summary of Findings  This includes all the findings found in your results and discussion (chapter 3). Present the findings chronologically based on your sub problems. Figures are included in this section

Conclusion  The conclusion of your study must be drawn from your summary of findings. Do not conclude anything that is not found in your results  The number of conclusion depends on the number of sub problems you have. If you have 5 sub problems it is also expected that your will have 5 conclusions

Recommendations  Your recommendations must be in line with your findings and conclusions.  Recommendations are strategies or actions to be done in order to address significant results of your study

Tips
 In constructing your questionnaire, never ask questions which you dont have in your related literature or in your theoretical framework. This is because, the literatures are the support to the results of the questions being asked.  It is advisable that you make your draft questionnaire while looking for some related literature

Example: Related Literature The purpose of a monthly breast self-examination is for a woman selfto gain familiarity with her breasts so that any changes in texture, texture, including the presence of a lump, can be detected as early as possible. The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends that women, starting at age 20, should be educated on the benefits and limitations of performing a monthly BSE
Purpose 5 To help woman gain familiarity with her breast texture () To help woman detect breast cancers at earliest its earliest stage 4 () 3 () 2 () 1 ()

      

()

()

()

To monitor for any possible changes in womans breast texture

Analysts Role: Amortization and Depreciation Policy Analyze the footnotes of the annual report. They indicate the types of physical assets that generate revenue for the organization. Make sure that an independent entity has revalued the assets if a revaluation model is used after the assets are initially recorded 1

. I analyze the footnotes of the annual report

is used after the assets are initially recorded

2. I make sure that an independent entity has revalued the assets if a revaluation model