CCNA Semester 3 Chapter 01 CLASSLESS ROUTING

Objectives
Define VLSM and briefly describe the reasons for its use Divide a major network into subnets of different sizes using VLSM Define route aggregation and summarization as they relate to VLSM Configure a router using VLSM Identify the key features of RIP v1 and RIP v2 Identify the important differences between RIP v1 and RIP v2 Configure RIP v2 Verify and troubleshoot RIP v2 operation Configure default routes using the ip route and ip default-network commands

Table of Content
1 2 3 4
VLSM CIDR Classless routing RIP version 2

VLSM

Issues with IP Addressing

Internet
UNIVERSITY

IP addressing crisis As early as 1992, the IETF identified two specific concerns: IP address exhaustion Routing table growth

IP Addressing Solutions Short term to extension to IPv4

Subneting masking: RFCs 950, 1812 Variable-length subnet masks: RFC 1812 Classless interdomain routing: RFCs 1518, 1519, 2050 Address allocation for private Internets: RFC 1918 Network Address Translation: RFC 1631 Route summarization: RFC 1518

Ultimate solution: IPv6 128-bit address space

 What is VLSM ?
172.16.14.32/27
A

172.16.14.132/30 172.16.1.0/24

172.16.14. 64/27 172.16.14.136/30

B HQ HQ

172.16.0.0/16

172.16.14.96/27

172.16.2.0/24
172.16.14.140/30
C

Subnet 172.16.14.0/24 is divided into smaller subnets (Sub-subnet): Subnet with one mask at first (/27) Further subnet one of these subnets not used elsewhere (/30)

 VLSM is supported

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). Integrated Intermediate System to Intermediate System (Integrated IS-IS). Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). RIP v2. Static routing.

A waste of space

When to use VLSM?

Calculating subnets with VLSM

Calculating subnets with VLSM (2)

Derived from the 172.16.32.0/20 Subnet 172.16.33.0/3 0 172.16.33.4/30 172.16.32.0/2 6

172.16.32.64/26

172.16.33.8/30

172.16.32.128/2 6

Derived from the 172.16.33.0/26 Subnet 30-Bit Mask (2 Hosts)

1

172.16.33.12/30

172.16.32.192/2 6 26-Bit Mask (62 Hosts)

Exercise Calculating subnets with VLSM

Using VLSMs, define appropriate subnets for addressing the networks using 192.168.10.0/24.
KL 28 Hosts

Perth

Sydney

Singapore

60 Hosts
1

12 Hosts

12 Hosts

Exercise Calculating subnets with VLSM

192.168.10.0/2 4 KL 192.168.10.64/27 28 Hosts

192.168.10.128/30

192.168.10.132/30

192.168.10.136/30

Perth
192.168.10.0/26

Sydney
192.168.10.96/28

Singapore

192.168.10.112/28

60 Hosts
1

12 Hosts

12 Hosts

Classless Interdomain Routing

CIDR is a mechanism developed to alleviate exhaustion of addresses and reduce routing table size. Block addresses can be summarized into single entries without regard to the classful boundary of the network number. Summarized blocks are installed in routing tables.

Route aggregation with VLSM

192.168.48.0/2 4 192.168.49.0/2 4 192.168.50.0/2 4 192.168.51.0/2 192.168.52.0/2 4 4 192.168.53.0/2 4 192.168.54.0/2 4 192.168.55.0/2 1 492.168.56.0/2 4 192.168.57.0/2 4 192.168.63.0/2 4

Perth

19 2. 16 8. 48 .0 /

22

192.168.48.0/2 0

Sydney
192.168.52.0/22
8 16 . 92 1 . / .0 56

KL
21

Upstrea Upstrea m m provider provider

Singapore

Route summarization reduces routing table size by aggregating routes to multiple networks into one supernet

Route summarization example

Configuring VLSM
192.168.10.0/2 4 KL 192.168.10.64/27 S0 10.137 28 Hosts

192.168.10.128/30

192.168.10.136/30 192.168.10.132/30

S0 Perth
192.168.10.0/26

10.138

Sydney
192.168.10.96/28

Singapore

192.168.10.112/28

60 Hosts
1

12 Hosts

12 Hosts

CLASSLESS ROUTING

Classful Routing Protocols

Classful routing protocols do not include the subnet mask with the route advertisement. Within the same network, consistency of the subnet masks is assumed. Network boundary summarization is done automatically. Example of classful routing protocols:
Routing Information Protocol version 1 (RIPv1) Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

Network Summarization in Classful Routing

Summary routes are exchanged between foreign networks

Summary routes are automatically created at Class A, B, and C network boundaries
2

Classful Subnet Issues

All router interfaces within the same network must have the same subnet mask. This approach may not fully use available allocation of host addresses. All subnets of the same major network must be contiguous.
2

IP Routing Table with a Classful Protocol

p1r3# show ip route <output omitted> Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets, R 10.1.1.0/24 [120/1] via 10.1.2.2, 00:00:05, Ethernet0 C 10.1.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0 R 10.1.3.0/24 [120/2] via 10.1.2.2, 00:00:05, Ethernet0 R 192.168.24.0/24 [120/2] via 10.1.2.2, 00:00:16, Ethernet0 R 172.16.0.0/16 [120/3] via 10.1.2.2, 00:00:16, Ethernet0 R* 0.0.0.0/0 [120/3] via 10.1.2.2, 00:00:05, Ethernet0

Where will the router send traffic bound for the following destinations?
192.168.24.3 172.16.5.1 10.1.2.7 200.100.50.0 10.2.2.2
2

The IP Classless Command

Router(config)# ip classless

Replaces the default behavior of classful routing protocols to match against only known subnets of a major network Changes default behavior of classful routing protocol for unknown subnets On by default in Cisco IOS version 12.0 and later Has no effect on most classless routing protocols because they use the longest-match criteria by default

Without ip classless command

10.3.3.0

Fa0/1
BHM 10.1.1.0

192.168.1.4/30

Fa0/0

S0/ 0

GAD 192.168.13.2

To 10.2.2.4

Destination network 10.3.3.0 10.1.1.0

2

Outbound interface Fa0/1 Fa0/0 S0/0

0.0.0.0

With ip classless command

10.3.3.0

Fa0/1
BHM 10.1.1.0

192.168.1.4/30

Fa0/0

S0/ 0

GAD 192.168.13.2

To 10.2.2.4

Destination network 10.3.3.0 10.1.1.0

2

Outbound interface Fa0/1 Fa0/0 S0/0

0.0.0.0

Classless Routing Overview

Classless routing protocols include the subnet mask with the route advertisement. Classless routing protocols support VLSM. Summary routes can be manually controlled within the network. Example of classless routing protocols are as follows:
OSPF EIGRP RIPv2 IS-IS BGPv4

Classless Subnetting Requirements

Router interfaces within the same network can have different subnet masks:
VLSM is supported

This approach maximizes allocation of available host addresses.

2

Automatic Network-Boundary Summarization

EIGRP on both Router A and Router B advertises a summarized route to 172.16.0.0/16. Router C receives two routes to 172.16.0.0/16. Router A or B, or both, should be configured to not summarize.
2

Effect of the auto-summary Command

Effect of the no auto-summary Command

RIP Version 2

RIP v1: Characteristics

IGP protocol, is classful routing. It is a distance vector protocol that uses a hop count metric. The maximum number of hops is 15. By default, routing updates are broadcast every 30 seconds. The router applies the one subnet mask that is configured on the receiving interface to receive network information. Load balancing over as many as six equalcost paths, with four paths as the default.

RIP v1: Limitations

It does not send subnet mask information in its updates. It sends updates as broadcasts on 255.255.255.255. It does not support authentication. It is not able to support VLSM or classless interdomain routing (CIDR).

RIP v1: Configuration

NOTE:
Subnets will be understood as major network
3

RIP v2 features
Send out subnet mask information with the route update.
Support VLSM or classless interdomain routing (CIDR).

Provides for authentication in its updates. Provides Multicast routing updates, using the Class D address 224.0.0.9. Use external route tags Routing update is includes a next-hop route ip address.
3

Comparing RIP v1 and v2

RIP v1 Easy to configure. Only supports classful routing protocol No subnet information with routing update.
RIP v2 Easy to configure. Supports use classless routing Send subnet information with routing updates.

Support prefix routing Does not support prefix different subnets within the routing all the devices same network can have different subnet masks. in the same network

must use same subnet Provides for authentication in its updates. mask. No authentication in updates
3

Provides multicast routing updates

RIP v2: Configuration

150.100.2.0/24

150.100.4.0/24 Kuala Lumpur

150.100.3.0/24

Bangkok

router rip version 2 network 150.100.0.0

router rip version 2 network 150.100.0.0

NOTE:
Assigning IP network numbers without specifying subnet values
3

Compatibility with RIP v1

NewYork interface fastethernet0/0 ip address 192.168.50.129 255.255.255.192 ip rip send version 1
RIPv2

ip rip receive version 1 interface fastethernet0/1 ip address 172.25.150.193 255.255.255.240

Interface FastEthernet0/0 is configured to send and receive RIP v1 updates. FastEthernet0/1 is configured to send both version 1 and 2 updates. FastEthernet0/2 has no special configuration and therefore sends and receives version 2 by default.

ip rip send version 1 2 interface fastethernet0/2 ip address 172.25.150.225 225.255.255.240 router rip version 2 network 172.25.0.0 network 192.168.50.0

Discontiguous subnets and classless routing

router rip version 2 no auto-summary

RIP v1 always uses automatic summarization. The default behavior of RIP v2 is to summarize at network boundaries the same as RIP v1.
4

Verifying RIP v2 : SHOW IP PROTOCOLS

172.16.1.0 192.168.1.0

A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1. 2

B
10.2.2. 2 10.2.2. 3

B
192.168.1.1

Verifying RIP v2: SHOW IP ROUTE

172.16.1.0 192.168.1.0

A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1. 2

B
10.2.2. 2 10.2.2. 3

B
192.168.1.1

Troubleshooting RIP v2 : DEBUG IP RIP

172.16.1.0 192.168.1.0

A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1. 2

B
10.2.2. 2 10.2.2. 3

B
192.168.1.1

Other RIPv2 Commands (EXTRA)

Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address Defines a neighboring router with which to exchange unicast routing information. (RIPv1 or RIPv2) Router(config-if)# ip rip send|receive version 1 | 2 | 1 2 Configures an interface to send/receive RIP Version 1 and/or Version 2 packets Router(config-if)# ip summary-address rip ip_address ip_network_mask Specifies the IP address and network mask that identify the routes to be summarized.

Default routes

Summary
VLSM and the reasons for its use Subnetting networks of different sizes using VLSM Route aggregation and summarization as they relate to VLSM Router configuration using VLSM Key features of RIP v1 and RIP v2 Important differences between RIP v1 and RIP v2 Configuration of RIP v2 Verifying and troubleshooting RIP v2 operation Configuring default routes using the ip route and ip default-network commands
4

Q&A