Automatic Speed Accuracy Diligence Versatility Power of Remembering No I.Q.

No Feelings

Inputting: Process of entering data and instructions into a computer. Storing: Saving data and instructions to make them readily available for initial or additional processing as and when required. Processing: Performing arithmetic and logical operations on data to convert them into useful information. Outputting: Process of producing useful information for a user. Controlling: Directing the manner and sequence in which the above operations are performed.

SECONDARY STORAGE

PROGRAM AND DATA

INPUT UNIT
PRIMARY STORAGE

OUTPUT UNIT

INFORMATION

CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

It accepts instructions and data from outside world. It converts these instructions and data in computer acceptable form. It supplies the converted instructions and data to computer system for further processing.

It accepts the results produced by a computer in coded form, not easily understood by us. It converts these coded results to human acceptable form. It supplies these converted results to outside world.

It holds or stores: Data and instructions for processing. Intermediate results of processing. Results for output. Comprises of PRIMARY o main memory o volatile and SECONDARY o Auxiliary o non-volatile o cheaper

It is the brain of computer and comprises of CONTROL UNIT: o It manages and co-ordinates the entire computer system. ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT: o It is the place where actual execution of instructions takes place. o All calculations and comparisons .

Hardware is the physical aspect of a computer. While computer software exists in the form of ideas and concepts, computer hardware exists in substance. By definition, the different parts of a computer that can be touched constitute computer hardware. Computer hardware includes central processing unit, motherboard, microchips as well as computer peripherals like input-output and storage devices that are added to a host computer to enhance its abilities.

1. MONITOR 2. MOTHER BOARD 3. CPU 4. RAM 5. EXPANSION CARDS 6. POWER SUPPLY 7. OPTICAL DISK DRIVE 8. HARD DISK DRIVE 9. KEYBOARD 10. MOUSE

Mother Board
(This is where most of the electronics is located).

If we use the analogy of a desk: Then the work we are doing on the desk top would be using the RAM and the work we store in the file drawers would be on the HARD DRIVE.

Power Supply 250 500 Watts DO NOT OPEN

(This is the power source that makes everything go).

Floppy Drive 1.44 MB, 2.88MB

(This item is fast becoming obsolete).

INPUT DEVICES:
It is electromechanical device that accepts data from user and translates them into the form which computer can interpret. Types of input: Data Programs Commands User response

a) b) c) d) e) f)

Input devices can be classified in the following categories: Keyboard Point and raw devices Data scanning devices Digitizer Electronic cards based devices Vision based devices

Keyboard is the most commonly used input device today. They allow data entry into a computer system by pressing a set of keys.

TYPES OF KEYBOARD:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Qwerty keyboard Standard keyboard Lap top size keyboard Gaming keyboard Wireless keyboard Numeric keyboard Foldable keyboard Illuminated keyboard Erogonomic keyboard

QWERTY KEYBOARD: Invented by Christopher Sholes in 1872 Designed in era of mechanical typewriter They have six alphabets (Q,W,E,R,T,Y) in the first row of the keyboard STANDARD KEYBOARD: 101 keys to 110 keys Include alphabetic character, symbols, numbers etc Similar to typewriter but contain additional keys LAPTOP SIZE KEYBOARD: It has reduced set of keys GAMING KEYBOARD: Meet the needs of gamers with useful features WIRELESS KEYBOARD: It is wireless and uses infrared beams to transfer data to the computer

NUMERIC KEYBOARD: It contains only numbers, mathematical symbols for addition, subtraction Multiplication, division and function keys. FOLDABLE KEYBOARD: These are made of soft plastic which can be folded on itself. ILLUMIATED KEYBOARD: These keyboard are backlit so that the keys are made more visible ERGONOMIC KEYBOARD: It is more comfortable than the basic keyboard because it facilitates a More suitable position for hand users

Foldable keyboard

Numeric keyboard

Laptop sized

Qwerty ergonomic

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m)

ENTER KEY BACKSPACE KEY SHIFT KEY CAPS LOCK TAB KEY ESCAPE KEY CONTROL KEY ALTERNATE KEYS INSERT KEYS DELETE KEY FUNCTION KEYS CURSOR KEYS(ARROW KEYS) NUM LOCK

F1: Help CTRL+ESC: Open Start menu ALT+TAB: Switch between open programs ALT+F4: Quit program SHIFT+DELETE: Delete item permanently Windows Logo+L: Lock the computer (without using CTRL+ALT+DELETE)

CTRL+C: Copy CTRL+X: Cut CTRL+ CTRL V: Paste CTRL+Z: Undo CTRL+B: Bold CTRL+U: Underline CTRL+I: Italic

F1: Starts Windows Help F10: Activates menu bar options SHIFT+F10 Opens a shortcut menu for the selected item (this is the same as right-clicking an object CTRL+ESC: Opens the Start menu (use the ARROW keys to select an item) CTRL+ESC or ESC: Selects the Start button (press TAB to select the taskbar, or press SHIFT+F10 for a context menu) CTRL+SHIFT+ESC: Opens Windows Task Manager ALT+DOWN ARROW: Opens a drop-down list box SHIFT: Press and hold down the SHIFT key while you insert a CD-ROM to bypass the automatic-run feature ALT+SPACE: Displays the main window's System menu (from the System menu, you can restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the window)

ALT+F4: Closes the current window CTRL+F4: Closes the current Multiple Document Interface (MDI) window ALT+F6: Switch between multiple windows in the same program (for example, when the Notepad Find dialog box is displayed, ALT+F6 switches between the Find dialog box and the main Notepad window) F2: Rename object F2: rename the files F3: Find all files CTRL+X: Cut CTRL+C: Copy CTRL+V: Paste SHIFT+DELETE: Delete selection immediately, without moving the item to the Recycle Bin ALT+ENTER: Open the properties for the selected object

To copy a file Press and hold down the CTRL key while you drag the file to another folder. To create a shortcut Press and hold down CTRL+SHIFT while you drag a file to the desktop or a folder.

F4: Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves down the entries in the box (if the toolbar is active in Windows Explorer) F5: Refreshes the current window. F6: Moves among panes in Windows Explorer CTRL+G: Opens the Go To Folder tool (in Windows 95 Windows Explorer only) CTRL+Z: Undo the last command CTRL+A: Select all the items in the current window BACKSPACE: Switch to the parent folder SHIFT+click+Close button: For folders, close the current folder plus all parent folders

Windows Logo: Start menu Windows Logo+R: Run dialog box Windows Logo+M: Minimize all SHIFT+Windows Logo+M: Undo minimize all Windows Logo+F1: Help Windows Logo+E: Windows Explorer Windows Logo+F: Find files or folders Windows Logo+D: Minimizes all open windows and displays the desktop CTRL+Windows Logo+F: Find computer CTRL+Windows Logo+TAB: Moves focus from Start, to the Quick Launch toolbar, to the system tray (use RIGHT ARROW or LEFT ARROW to move focus to items on the Quick Launch toolbar and the system tray) Windows Logo+TAB: Cycle through taskbar buttons Windows Logo+Break: System Properties dialog box.

We are actually using GUI(Graphical User Interface),which provides a screen with graphic icons or menus allows a user to make rapid selections. GUI requires an input device that can be used to point to and select a an icon. A pointing device is any human interface device that allows a user to input spatial data to a computer . Types of pointing devices : Mouse Touchpad Touchscreen

Trackball Joystick

A mouse is an input device which allows the user to control a cursor to manipulate data without complicated commands. It was invented by Douglas Englebart in 1963. It was originally referred to as an X-Y Position Indicator for a Display System. The mouse's motion typically translates into the motion of a cursor on a display, which allows for fine control of a graphical user interface.

Mechanical mouse Opto-Mechanical mouse Optical 3D Mouse Tactile Mouse Inertial and Gyroscopic Mouse Cordless or Wireless

Mechanical: It has a rubber or metal ball on its underside and it can roll in every direction. There are sensors within the mouse, detect the direction ball and moves the pointer on the screen in the same direction.

Optomechanical: This is the same as the mechanical mouse except that it uses optical sensors to the motion of the ball. Mouse pad is necessary.

Optical: This type uses a laser for detecting the mouse's movement. The optical mouse responds more quickly and precisely than the mechanical and optomechanical mice. An optical mouse uses a light-emitting diode and photodiodes to detect movement relative to the underlying surface, rather than internal moving parts as does a mechanical mouse.

3D Mouse: The 3D Ring Mouse wireless mouse was worn on a ring around a finger, which enabled the thumb to access three buttons. The mouse was tracked in three dimensions by a base station . A recent 3D pointing device is the Wii Remote. it can determine its orientation and direction of movement, can also detect its spatial position by comparing the distance and position of the lights from the IR emitter using its integrated IR camera .

Tactile Mouse: The "tactile mouse", contained a small actuator that made the mouse vibrate. Such a mouse can augment user-interfaces, such as giving feedback when crossing a window boundary. To surf by touch requires the user to be able to feel depth or hardness; this ability was realized with the tactile mice

Inertial and Gyroscopic Mouse: Called "air mice" since they do not require a surface to operate, inertial mouse use a tuning fork or other accelerometer to detect rotary movement for every axis supported . The user requires only small wrist rotations to move the cursor . They have a switch to deactivate the movement circuitry between use. Such mice consume less power than optically based mice, and offer increased sensitivity, reduced weight and increased ease-of-use .

Cordless or Wireless: A wireless mouse made for notebook computers Cordless or wireless mice transmit data via infrared radiation or radio (including Bluetooth). The receiver is connected to the computer through a serial or USB port.

A ball inside the mouse touches the desktop and rolls when the mouse moves. Two rollers inside the mouse touch the ball. One is oriented to detect motion in X direction, and the other is oriented 90 degrees to the first to detect motion in Y direction. When the ball rotates, these rollers rotate as well. The rollers are connected to a shaft, and the shaft spins a disk with holes in it. When a roller rolls, its shaft and disk spin. On either side of the disk there is an infrared LED and an infrared sensor. The holes in the disk break the beam of light coming from the LED so that the infrared sensor sees pulses of light. An on-board processor chip reads the pulses from the infrared sensors and turns them into binary data that the computer can understand. The chip sends the binary data to the computer through the mouse's cord.

Also known as a glide-point or track-pad, a touchpad is an input device found on the portable computers that allows you to move the mouse cursor. A touchpad is operated by using your finger and dragging it across a flat surface; as you move your finger on the surface, the mouse cursor will move in that same direction, and Like most computer mice, the touchpad also has two buttons below the touch surface that enables you to click like a standard mouse.

Trackball is a pointing device similar to a roller-ball mouse. The onscreen pointer is moved by the trackball with a thumb or finger. To move the graphics cursor on the screen the ball is rolled with hand. A trackball requires less space, less arm and wrist motion that a regular mouse takes. Trackball is a device of choice in CAD/CAM.

They demand high quality of input documents because of direct data entry from source documents. Documents that are typed poorly , have strikeovers, or have erasures are normally rejected. Form design and ink specification usually becomes more critical with the use of these devices than when keyboard devices are used to key in data from forms.

The input documents may be typed text, pictures, graphics, or even handwritten material. The stored images can be even be altered and manipulated in interesting ways, if the computer has image-processing software.

HAND-HELD SCANNER:A hand- held scanner has a set of light emitting diodes encased in a small case that can be held in hand conveniently. To scan a document , the scanner is dragged slowly over it from its one end to the other end with its light on. The scanner has to be dragged very steadily and carefully. Hand-held scanners are used only in cases where high accuracy is not needed. They are also used when the volume of documents to be scanned is low. They are much cheaper than flatbed scanners.

It is a type of scanning device which is equipped with character recognition software that converts the bitmap images of characters to equivalent ASCII codes. The scanner first creates the bitmap image of the document and then the OCR software translates the array of grid points into ASCII text that the computer can interpret as letters, numbers, and special characters. These software are designed to recognize texts written using standard type fonts called OCR fonts. Two such fonts standard fonts are OCR-A (American standard) and OCR-B (European standard) If the document contains italics or bold face letters, or fonts other than that for which the OCR software has been designed , the OCR software will not work effectively.

The actual technique used by an OMR device for recognition of marks involves focusing a light on the page being scanned and detecting the reflected light pattern from the marks. Pencil marks made with a soft lead pencil (high graphite content) reflect the light enabling the reader to determine which responses are marked.

A bar- code reader is a device used for reading (decoding) bar-coded data. It may be a hand-held scanner, or embedded in a stationary scanner. Its scans a bar-code image and converts it into an alphanumeric value that is then fed to a computer connected to the bar-code reader. A bar-code reader uses laser-beam scanning technology. There are many types of bar-coding systems. The most widely known one is the universal product code (UPC). Bar code readers are found commonly in supermarkets and department stores.

A special ink containing particles of iron oxide (that can be magnetized) is used for preprinting the characters on the cheque. The MICR reader-sorter reads the pre-printed data on the cheques, and sorts the cheques for distribution to other banks or for further processing. The most commonly used character set by MICR devices is known as E13B font consisting of numerals 0 to 9 and four special characters. MICR technology speeds up data input . This technology also ensures accuracy of data entry.

A digitizer is an input device used for converting pictures, maps, and drawings into digital form for storage in computers. For example, the x and y coordinates of points in a drawing may be stored in digital form. Digitizer are commonly used in the area of computer aided design by architects and engineers to design cars, buildings, medical devices, robots, etc. they are also used in the area of geographical information system for digitizing of maps available in paper form.

A digitizer consists of a digitizing tablet associated with a stylus. A digitizing tablet is a flat surface which consists of hundreds of fine copper wires forming a grid. These copper wires receive electronic pulses. The digitizing tablet is connected to the computer. The stylus which is like a pen or a lens-like cursor is connected to the tablet. On moving the stylus on the tablet, a cursor simultaneously moves on the screen giving visual feedback to the operator. This enables the operator to draw sketches directly or to input sketched drawings very easily.

Electronic cards offer another means of direct data entry into a computer system. Electronic cards are small plastic cards having encoded data appropriate for the application for which they are used. An electronic-card reader, normally connected to a computer, is used to read the data encoded on an electronic card and transfer it to the computer for further processing.

Electronic cards are often issued by banks to their customers for use with automated teller machine(ATMs). An electronic card for use in an ATM has its customers account number encoded on the card. An ATM has an electronic card reader associated with it. When a customer inserts his/her card in the ATM, the reader in the machine reads the data encoded on the card and transmits it to the banks computer activating the customers account. This is how electronic cards work.

Speech recognition devices are input devices that allow a person to input data to a computer by speaking to it. Hence, they make computers much easier to use. However, as a data input device, currently speech recognition systems have limited success. The major difficulties are that people speak with different accents and intonations, and the fact that the meaning of words can vary depending on the context in which they are used. Hence, this technique is having little access in the present scenario and hence is used within a relatively small domain.

In its infant stage too, speech recognition systems are already used for a wide range of applications. Some on the may be enlisted as: For data input to a computer when his/her hands are busy. For example, doctors in an operation room can request information about a patient while operating. For limited use of computers by individuals with physical disabilities. For data input by dictation of long text or passage for later editing. For authentication of a user by a computer system based on speech input.

A vision input system allows a computer to accept input by seeing an object. Input data in this case is normally an objects shape and features in the form of an image. A computer with a vision-input device consists of a digital camera. Vision-input devices are used mainly in factories for designing industrial robots used for quality control and assembly processes. For example: a robot may be used to inspect the shapes of objects and separate objects of different shapes in different bins.

1. 2.

3.

4.

A computer with a vision-input device consists of a digital camera. Following steps are taken to recognize a given object: The computer is focused on the input object to take its picture. The camera creates an image of the object in the digital form so that it can be stored and interpreted by the computer. The digitized image of the object is matched against similarly formed pre-stored images in the computers image database. Depending on whether a match is found or not, the system takes appropriate action.