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ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
When we combine two elements...
what equilibrium state do we get?
In particular, if we specify...
--a composition (e.g., wt%Cu - wt%Ni), and --a temperature (T)
then...
How many phases do we get? What is the composition of each phase? How much of each phase do we get?
Phase A
Nickel atom Copper atom
Phase B
Solubility Limit
L
(li ui )
60
40
L
(li ui solution i.e., syrup)
+ S
(soli sugar)
20 0
ure Water
ure Sugar
hases:
The physically and chemically distinct material regions that result (e.g., E and F).
AluminumCopper Alloy
100
Temperature (C)
watersugar system
80 60 40 20 0
0
(li ui solution
i.e., syrup)
L
(li ui )
(soli sugar)
A(70,20)
2 phases
0 40 7 Co Composition (wt
sugar)
4
HASE DIAGRAMS
Tell us about phases as function of T, Co, . For this course:
--binary systems: just 2 components. --independent variables: T and Co ( = 1atm is always used).
T(C)
hase Diagram for Cu-Ni system
1600 1500 1400 1300 1200
1100 1000 0
L (li uid)
i du u s
li
20
40
60
80
100
wt
Ni
s du i ol s
Examples:
(1100, 60): 1 phase: E
(12 0, 3 ): 2 phases: L
E
L (li uid)
L ( CC solid
solution)
(1100,60)
E E
s idu u s li du i ol s
dapted from ig. 9.2(a), Callister 6e. ( ig. 9.2(a) is adapted from hase Diagrams of inary ic el lloys, . ash (Ed.), SM International, Materials ar , OH, 1991).
1100 1000 0
20
40
60
80
100
wt
6
E I GR M : composition of
phases
Examples:
Co wt i tT : nly i uid ( ) C Co ( wt tT : nly olid ( E ) wt CE Co ( t TB: Both E and C Cli uidus ( CE Csolidus (
Cu- i system
tie line dus i li u
E
B
us o li d s
i)
TB
E
2
E (solid)
2 C Co
i)
C E wt
2wt wt
i here) i here)
dapted from Fig. 9.2(b), Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.2(b) is adapted from hase iagrams of Binary ic el lloys, . ash (Ed.), M International, Materials ar , H, 99 .)
now:
Cu-Ni system
A
ti li
L (li
i )
B R S
li
TB
1200
i sol
L!
S R S
43 35 ! 73wt % 43 32
TD
20
E (soli )
50
30 35 4043 32
CLCo
$ ! #! !
$ #
" "
R WE ! R S
CE wt% i
= 27wt%
Adapt d from Fig. 9.2(b), Callist r 6 . (Fig. 9.2(b) is adapt d from hase Diagrams of Bi ary ic el Alloys, . ash (Ed.), ASM I ter ational, Materials ar , OH, 1991.)
"
Co CL ! R CE CL R S
i i ri m:
moment e
LR ! 1
E
ES
System is:
Cu and Ni.
E L
46 43
Cu-Ni system
32
24 1200
B C
--isomorphous
i.e., complete solubility of one component in another; E phase field extends from 0 to 100wt% Ni.
D 36
E
E (solid)
1100 20 30
E: 36wt%Ni
Consider
Co = 35wt%Ni.
35 Co
40
50
wt% Ni
10
11
--Ductility (%EL,%AR)
%EL for pure Cu %EL for pure Ni
2 Cu
Composition,
1 Ni
2 Cu
t%Ni
Composition,
1 Ni
t%Ni
-- ea as a function of Co
--Min. as a function of Co
12
RY
UT
T
TI SYST
S
g s stem
2 components
li E
8.0
i
71.9 91.2
+ E
779
+FF
400 200 0 20
(
EF
40 60 80 100
apte f om Fig. 9.6 alliste 6e. Fig. 9.6 a apte f om ina hase Diag ams 2n e . Vol. 1 T. . assals i ito in hief S Inte national ate ials a OH 1990.
o wt% g
( 1 (
13
( (5' 3 ' 4 ' 4 % ( 8 )7 7' &60 5 4 (& & ( 8 ' 3 2' 1 ' & & 0 ' ) ' & &%
EX:
(li E + E
1 .3 1 3C 61.9
id)
+F F
97.
E F
20 40 Co 60 0 100
Adapted from Fig. 9.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.7 adapted from inary hase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, T. . Massals i (Editor-in-Chief), ASM International, Materials ar , OH, 1990.) 14
Co, wt% Sn
9
A @
EX:
150 100
S
EF
40 Co 60 80 99100
0 11 20
Adapted from Fig. 9.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.7 adapted from inary hase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, T. . Massals i (Editor-in-Chief), ASM International, Materials ar , OH, 1990.) 15
Co, wt% Sn
B
D C
MI RO IN EU E
< wt% R lt:
--p l c tal f E g ai .
RU URE I Y EM -I
WV IH RQ UTS FF
E E
E
fe ba` Y dc FFE u
l bilit limit)
16
GP
FE
s Ir pIIih q E IH G
GG
GGP
g v v xw v
E Pbt m)
: C owt%Sn
E
2
E
E: C owt%Sn
E F 1
b-Sn syste
3
2 Co C o 18.3 sol. li it at
Fig. 9.1
2 sol. li it at roo
wt% Sn
17
MI RO RU UR IN U I Y M
= R l
l
III
l y
dF
l .
P y
E E
1 18
FF
1 Q
F 97.8
E 18
8
Ad all d F . 9.11,
18
1 8
k j e i i e h h g f e d
F . 9.1 , all . Adap d F . 9.1 al Ha d , V l. 9, 9 d., M all ap y a d Mc c ,A ca c y M al , Ma al Pa k, OH, 1985. 18
i rostru ture
L: Cowt Sn L L E
S
S
E L
Just bo e T :
CE CL 18 3wt Sn 61 wt Sn S 0wt E R S L 1- E ) 0wt
18 3wt Sn 7 8wt Sn S 73wt R S 27wt
1
b-Sn s ste
200 T
L
E
l
E
R R
Just below T :
E
20 18 3
Fig
100
F
40 Co 60 61 80
100 78
CE
u u
ri r E eute ti E eute ti
CF
F
0 0
Ad ted fro C llister 6e
14
Co wt
Sn
t t s rq p
E
F
n o
on
{ z z v
z y
xw
L
L E
Co
F
Co
0 0
20
40
60
80
E
E
eute ti : Co=61.
E E
E
175Q 160Q
Fig. .12,
ti
i ro- onstituent
(Figs. .12 nd .15 fro Met ls H nd ook, t ed., Vol. , Met llogr nd Mi rostru tures, A eri n So iet for Met ls, M teri ls r , OH, 1 85.)
t Sn
oeute ti : Co=50 t Sn
20
61.
18.3
eute ti
oeute ti
ereute ti
100
7.8
}
Co, t
E
Ad ted fro Fig. .7, C llister 6e. (Fig. .7 200 T d ted fro in r se Di gr s, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, T. . M ss lski 100 ( ditor-in-C ief), ASM Intern tion l, M teri ls r , OH, 1 0.)
( -Sn S ste )
Sn
H
1400 1200 1000 800
L Fe3C (cementite)
21
-Eutectoid ( ):
K E Fe3C
K L K austenite)
K K K K
1148C
R
K+Fe3C S E+Fe3C
L+Fe3C S
600
Ceutectoid
120Qm
400 0 (Fe)
K E+
R 0.77
1
727C = Teutectoid
6.7
Adapted from Fig. 9.21,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.21 adapted from inary Alloy hase Diagrams, 2 d ed., Vol. 1, T. . Massals i (Ed.-in-Chief), ASM International, Materials ar , OH, 1990.)
HY OEUTECTOID STEEL
T( )
1600
H
1 00
11
1000 00
Fe C (cementite)
K K K K K K K K K EK E K EK
1200
E Fe C
0.77
E E E
pearlite
K
100Qm Hypoeutectoid steel
E S/(R S) Fe C (1- E)
Adapted from Fig. 9.27,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.27 courtesy Republic Steel Corporation.)
6.7
Co,
00 0 Co pearlite
ERS
727
K L K austenite)
L Fe C
(Fe-C System)
Adapted from Figs. 9.21 and 9.26,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.21 adapted from inary Alloy hase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T. . Massals i (Ed.-inChief), ASM International, Materials ar , OH, 1990.)
K Fe C r s
22
Y E EU E
( )
OID
EE
(F t
tit )
H K K K K
F
K K t it )
K F
E
) )
.77
p arlit
t t
rp r ti
.)
( ) ( - E)
p arlit
K
Q
A pt fr Fig. 9. , lli t r . (Fig. 9. c p right 97 b U it
K ( -
.7
t
p r
r (r
E F
(c
t ct i t l
pt
K K K K K K K K
Ceutectoid changes:
Ceutectoid (wt%C)
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0 0
Si
W
Ni Cr Si Ti Mo
4
Cr
800 Mn
W
8
Mn
600 0
Ni 4 8 12
12
24
LICATION: REFRACTORIES
Need a material to use in high temperature furnaces. Consider Silica (SiO2) - Alumina (Al2O3) system. hase diagram shows:
mullite, alumina, and crystobalite (made up of SiO2) tetrahedra as candidate refractories.
2200 T(C) 2000 1800 crystobalite +L 1600 1400 0
3Al2O3-2SiO2 Li uid (L)
mullite
alumina + L
mullite +L
Adapted from Fig. 12.27, Callister 6e. (Fig. 12.27 is adapted from F. . Klug and R.H. Doremus, "Alumina Silica hase Diagram in the Mullite Region", . American Ceramic Society 70(10), p. 758, 1987.)
mullite + crystobalite
20
alumina + mullite
SUMMARY
Phase diagrams are useful tools to determine:
--the number and types of phases, --the wt% of each phase, --and the composition of each phase
for a given T and composition of the system. Alloying to produce a solid solution usually
--increases the tensile strength (TS) --decreases the ductility.
26