Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
An Introduction
Galtung, Johan. (1996) Peace by peaceful means: Peace, Conflict, Development and Civilizations. International Peace Research Institute, Oslo: Sage Publications
Peace work is work to reduce violence by peaceful means. Peace studies is the study of the conditions of peace work.
Peace Work
Constructive peace studies, based on constructivism: the systematic comparison of theories with values, trying to adjust theories to values, producing visions of a new reality values being stronger than theory.
Criticism
Constructivism
DATA Empiricism
THEORIES
Basic Perspectives/Frameworks
Peace (politics/policies and decisions) Conflict (military/actions) Development (economics/systems and processes) and Civilization (culture/cosmology: collectively shared and subconsciously held assumptions)
Sample Application:
Military
Negative Peace (CURATIVE) Economic Self-reliance I: - Internalize externalities - Use own factors - Also locally Challenge: -Singularism -Universalism -Chosen people ideas - Violence, war Dialogue: - Between hard and soft
Positive Peace (PREVENTIVE) Self-reliance II: - Share externalities - Horizontal exchange - South-South cooperation Global civilization: -a Center everywhere -relaxed time -holistic, global -Nature partnership -equality, justice -life enhancement
Cultural
Developmental Theory: explores structural violence, particularly in the economic field, and ways of overcoming that violence Civilization Theory: explores cultural violence, focusing on the deeper aspects of cultures cosmologies, codes and programmes in the collective subconscious and the impact of these on the politics of peace and development
When we do peace studies, one of the first tasks is our liberation from forms of academic cultural violence that become, more or less, violent by having survived too long. And the next task is not to become a prisoner of those who present themselves as liberators including the present author. - Johan Galtung