Agenda

Introduction to Telecom Network Introduction to Digital SPC Switch

Introduction to Telecom Network

Definition

Telecommunications means to change information into electric signals for remote transmission and switching

Composition of Telecom Network

Logical Composition Physical Composition

Basics of Telecommunications
Training Center Zhongxing Telecom Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd

Logical Composition

Logically Speaking A Telecom Network is composed of Nodes, Links, Ends & Signaling

End: It is a Terminal or Service provision point. Telephone, Fax machine, computer Node: Switching System Link: Transmission System Signaling: It is the language for communication between various parts of telecom network

Physical Composition
Physically speaking A telecom network is composed of

Switching Network Transmission Bearer Network Supporting Network Terminal Equipment

Switching Network: Comprises of multiple types of switches International office, Local terminal office switch, Remote subscriber unit and PABX

Transmission Bearer Network: Comprises of Trunk links, Local transmission links and access networks.

Supporting Network:

Comprises four types of networks Digital Synchronization Network Signaling Network Centralized Intelligent Network Telecom Management Network

Basic Structure of Telecom Local Network

To toll end office To toll office end End office

Branch office
PABX

Tandem

End office
PABX

Branch office

PABX

Single Tandem Office Network

Multiple-Tandem Office Network.

Types of Offices

End office Branch office Tandem office Toll end office Toll tandem office Domestic toll International toll

Telecom Network Topologies

Overall Meshed Network

Star Network

Tree Network

Compound Network

Chain Network

Loop Network

Bus Network

Overall Meshed Network

Good reliability Usage of the links is low The network is not economic This type of network is only used when there are extremely high requirements for reliability

Star Network
It is the basis of the ordinarily used telephone network structure. One switching center is configured, which enables the calls among subscribers. The reliability of star network is lower than the overall meshed network, but the star network is much more economic than the overall meshed network.

Compound Network
It is developed on the basis of the star network. In the densely populated areas, different switching centers are established to form different star networks, which will be overall or partially inter-connected to form the compound network.

Tree Networks:

Loop & Bus Networks: Chain Networks:

At present widely used in CATV distribution networks and private network (e.g. military networks). Mostly used in computer communication networks. Normally used in private networks or microwave trunk public communication networks.

Development of Telecom Network

Digitalization Integration Intelligentization Broadband Personalization

Introduction to Digital SPC Switch

Outline

The Development History of the Switch Digitalization of Analog Signals and PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) The Constitution of the Digital SPC Switch

The Development History of the Switch

Basic Type
Manual Telephone Switch

Modes of Switches
Magneto switch, Common switch Step-by-step Battery Telephone

Electromechanical Electromechanical, Quasi-electric Analog (PAM), Digital (PCM)

Automatic telephone switch

Crossbar SPC

Advantages of SPC Switch

Highly flexible, Easy to maintain and Easy to extend the capacity. Equipment volume is much smaller and call connection speed is much faster. Good voice quality, good secrecy ISDN and IN

Digitalization of Analog Signals & PCM

Generally, Digital signal must be discrete in time and amplitude. Analog signal,contrarily,is continuous in amplitude.
Analog signal

Digital signal

Advantages of Digital Communications

High-level Multiplexing. High Resistance to disturbance, Suitable for remote transmission. Easiness for ciphering and high ciphering level Conversion between SNR and frequency band.

Easiness for the interconnection with computer and the provision of ISDN. High integration of equipment that features small size, light weight, low power consumption and long equipment life

Digitalization of Analog Signals & PCM

Digitalization of Analog Signals Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) PCM( Pulse Code Modulation) Primary Group Format

The conversion of analog signals to binary digital signals comprises of three main processes

Sampling Quantization Coding

TX or Switch
Line Decoder

Line Coder

MUX

DMUX

Coder Quantizer Sampler Filter

Decoder Filter

Sampling
Sampling: Discretion of Time Sampling is to converts the Analog Signals with Continuous Time & Amplitude into Analog Signals with Discrete Time & Continuous Amplitude. These signals are called PAM signals.

Analog signal with continuous amplitude Sampling pulse with same amplitude

PAM

Nyquist Theorem

The sampling period Ts can not be longer than the reciprocal of twice the highest frequency of the signal to be sampled. Ts = 1/fs < 1/2B

The voice frequency band is 300 - 3400HZ so the actual sampling frequency fs is taken as 8000Hz Ts=1/8000Hz = 125s The value of is 3.9 s, so 125/3.9 = 32TS

Quantization

QuantizationDiscretion of Amplitude The process of quantization is to round up the amplitude values of analog sampling signals. The round up processing might cause certain errors, which is the so-called Quantization Error.

Quantized Output

5.3

10.2 7.6 2.1 5.0

8.1 13.6 14.2 7.5

10

14

14

Quantization is normally of two types:

Uniform Quantization Non-Uniform Quantization

Non-Uniform Quantization

Non-Uniform quantization is adopted in the quantization process of voice sampling . This will ensure similar SNR for big and small signals.

Realizing Non-Uniform Quantization

Convert signal S (t) via a compressor with non-linear features. This will expand small signals and compress big signals to get the compressed signals. These signals are then quantized via an even Quantizer.

The Concept of Companding

A/D
Y(t)

Compress ed digital bit flow

A/D Y(t) Even PCM decoder Expander

Compressor

Even PCM coder

A compressor with non-linear feature ,ordinary compression features are A-law(A=87.6)

Coding Multi-system digital signals are processed with binary coding to be converted into binary digital signals. A-law polygon method coding is adopted

A- Law 13 Polygon Method

13-Polygon line & A law compression method
1 7/8 6/8 5/8 4/8 3/8 2/8 1/8

1 128

1 1 64 32

1 16

1 8

1 4

1 2

Binary code with 8 bits format

D1 D1 : D2D3D4:

D2 D3 D4 Polarity code Field code

D5 D6 D7 D8

D5D6D7D8:Intra-field code

Field code adopt the non-even Quantization & the intra-filed code adopt the even quantization.

D1 : Polarity Code

The Positive polarity is represented by bit 1

The Negative polarity is represented by bit 0.

D2D3D4: Field code

13-polygon line and A -law compression method

111 110 101 100 011 010 001 000 16 32 64 128 256 512

1024

2048

The dynamic range of the input signal 2048mV--- + 2048mV

D5D6D7D8: Intra-field Code

Seg1

Seg 2

Seg 3

Seg 4

Seg 5

Seg 6

Seg 7

Seg 8

0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16

16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-27 27-28 28-29 29-30 30-31 31-32

32-34 34-36 36-38 38-40 40-42 42-44 44-46 46-48 48-50 50-52 52-54 54-56 56-58 58-60 60-62 62-64

64- 68 68-72 72-76 76-80 80-84 84-88 88-92 92-96 96-100 100-104 104-108 108-112 112-116 116-120 120-124 124-128

128-136 136-144 144-152 152-160 160-168 168-176 176-184 184-190 192-200 200-208 208-216 216-224 224-232 232-240 240-248 248-256

256-272 272-288 288-304 304-320 320-336 336-352 352-368 368-384 384-400 400-416 416-432 432-448 448-464 464-480 480-496 496-512

512-544 544-576 546-608 608-640 640-672 672-704 704-736 736-768 768-800 800-832 832864 864-896 896-928 928-960 960-992 992-1024

1024-1088 1088-1152 1152-1216 1216-1280 1280-1344 1344-1408 1408-1472 1472-1536 1536-1600 1600-1664 1664-1728 1728-1792 1792-1856 1856-1920 1920-1984 1984-2048

Example
Input signals have a dynamic range from -2048mv to +2048mv +135mv : 1 100 0000 -1250mv: 0 111 0011

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

The process by which many voice signals are arranged in different Time Slots according to certain rules and transmit along a single bearer.

A B C D D C B A D C B A

A B C D

T T T

Demultiplexing
Signals multiplexed in the originating terminal are transmitted to the receiving terminal via channels and then separated into the original individual signals. This process is called de-multiplexing.

PCM Primary Group Format

The PCM primary group system is the basic system for digital multiplexing. Its primary frame structure contains 32 time slots. TS1-15 &TS17- 31are used for Voice Channels, TS0 is normally used for Frame Synchronization. TS16 is used as a Signaling Time Slot. Each time slot has 8 bits.

Multi-Frame Structure

Each multi-frame is composed by 16 single frames

MULTI-FRAME 16 Frames, 2ms, 4096 bits 0 1 2 14 15

0 1 0 0 1

1 1 0 1 1 0 0

FRAME 32 TS, 256 bits, 125s, 15 16 17 0 0 1 A2 1 1

30

31

d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7

A1

1 1

TS0 MULTIFRAME: MULTIFRAME SYNCRONIZATION TS0: FRAME:FRAME SYNCRONIZATION TS1TS15 & TS17 TS31 :VOICE CHANNELS TS 16: FRAME: SIGNALING INFORMATION

Features Of PCM30/32
Sampling Rate Frame Period Width per TS Multi - Frame period Bits/ Sample Value Bits/ Frame Bits/ Multi-frame 8000Hz 125 s 3.9 s 125 s*16=2ms 8 bits 32*8bits=256bits 256*16=4096bits

TS / Frame 32TS TS / Multi-frame Channel rate

32*16=512TS 64kb/s

Channel rate = 8k * 8 bits = 64kbits/per sec Single Frame Rate 2Mb/s

64Kb/s * 32 = 2048Kb/s 2Mb/s

The Constitution of SPC Switching System

The digital SPC switch has mainly two big parts The Hardware and The Software

The Hardware Four parts:

Interface circuits Control system Digital switching network Public resource

Interface Circuits

Subscriber side interface

Analog subscriber Digital subscriber Analog trunk Digital trunk

Trunk side interface

Analog Subscriber Interface (ASLC)

Battery feed Over voltage protection Ringing control

test Hybrid or 2/4wire converter CODEC&Filter

supervisio n

Digital Trunk Interface

The interface between the digital switch and the PCM transmission equipment. A-interface: 2.048 Mb/s PCM Primary Group B-interface: 8.192 Mb/s PCM Secondary Group

Control System
Control mode

The Centralized Control: Have only a central processor to handle the whole system Distributed Control: Have several processors distributed in the modules,and the basic functions are mainly realized by the modules

Working Mode

Load sharing Active /standby mode

Processor

Mainly perform call processing , connection and operation, management and maintenance

Digital Switching Network

Enables the switching of different Time slots

T-switch S-switch TS,ST,TST,TTT

T- Switch
Different Slot switching in same HW
TS9 C OHW TS2 D

TS28 D

TS20 C IHW

TS9 B

TS2

TS28

TS20 B

Switching Time Delay

26TS delay AT AR (TS2) (TS2) 26TS delay (TS28) (TS28) BR BT

T-switch mainly comprises two parts:

SM(speech memory)

Store the voice data of various time slots

CM(control memory)

Store the address of the voice data

Sequential Writing, Control Reading

0 S/P a TS3 3 11 31 CLK SM SM a b P/S 1HW b TS3

IHW b TS11

a TS11

CM

11 3

0 1 2 3 11

31 From CPU

Control Writing, Sequential Reading

SM 0 IHW b TS11 8 3 11 31 CM CLK 0 1 2 3 11 31 From CPU SM b a 8 P/S a TS11 OHW b TS3

a TS3

S/P

11 3

Public Resources

Signaling device DTMF Receivers Tone Generators Synchronization device

Software

The Software of the SPC digital switch controls the actions of the Hardware.

Office data Semi-permanent database Dynamic data System program Program Application program Supporting program Subscriber data

Data

Switch software system

THANK YOU

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