6.

10 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

DEFINITION
Photosynthesis is a process carried out by green plants to synthesize organic compound (carbohydrates) from raw inorganic substances(carbon dioxide and water) in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.

DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
ARISTOTLE

Soil had ability to CONVERT dead ORGANIC MATTER into NUTRIENT.

1640 - Jean Baptiste van Helmount

Conduct experiment to investigate plant growth

Result: He conclude that plant need WATER to grew NOT the SOIL.

1640 - Jean Baptiste van Helmount

WRONG ASSUMPTION

material that made up the bark, wood, roots and leaves came from the water he had added over the five years!

1772 Joseph Priestley

Discover OXYGEN. Green plant could RESTORE OXYGEN. And also capable of SUPPORTING combustion and respiration.

1772 Joseph Priestley

His work showed that PLANT RELEASE OXYGEN into atmosphere.

1779 - Jan Ingenhousz

Discover that plants only RELEASE OXYGEN in the presence of SUNLIGHT. Only GREEN PLANT could release oxygen.

1779 - Jan Ingenhousz

He placed plants underwater in a transparent container. undersides of their leaves made bubbles in sunlight. The same plants were placed in darkness, NO BUBBLES form.

Further development of photosynthesis

1780s - Jean Senebier
Carbon dioxide taken in by plant during photosynthesis. 1804 de Saussure Showed water is required by photosynthesis. 1845 Robert Mayer Plant convert SOLAR ENERGY into CHEMICAL ENERGY during photosynthesis.

1905 Blackman Photosynthesis involves 2 principle reactions light reaction & dark reaction. 1937 Robert Hill Isolated chloroplast in a water + oxidizing agent can release oxygen.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
SUBSTANCES REQUIRED

CARBON DIOXIDE WATER SUNLIGHT SUBSTANCES PRODUCED CARBOHYDRATE OXYGEN

LEAF STRUCTURE

B. Leaf Structures
Cuticle: waxy layer; covers upper surface
Prevent excessive water loss. Cuticle + epidermal cell = upper epidermis allows sunlight to penetrate leaf into the chloroplast
Leaf Cross-Section

Cuticle

Mesophyll

Veins

Veins: Lead down

(Opening)

Stoma

the leaf, side veins support lamina.

2 Guard Cells
Surround each Stoma

Stoma- singular Stomata-plural

Palisade Mesophyll: cells actively carry out photosynthesis because they contain Chloroplasts. Spongy mesophyll Cells carry out photosynthesis Air spaces allow diffusion of water and air.

Vascular bundle -made of xylem & floem. -xylem transport water&minerals. -floem transport carbohydrate.

Guard cells: cells that control open and close the stoma Stomata: tiny pore, openings in leafs surface. When open:

GAS EXCHANGE: Allows CO2 in & O2 out of leaf TRANSPIRATION : Allows excess H2O out of leaf

Guard Cells

Stoma

Slide # 9

Function of Stomata
Guard Cells Guard Cells H2O

What goes O2 out? What goes in?

Stoma

CO2 Stoma Open Stoma Closed

ADAPTATION OF LEAVES

Leaf mosaic manner

ADAPTATION OF PLANT
IN LAND 1.NORMAL CONDITION(water is available) - Upper epidermis has NONE/LITTLE STOMATA. - Most STOMATA on lower epidermis. - Mesophyll cells contain a lot of chloroplast. - MESOPHYTES

 IN LAND 2. DRY CONDITION - LEAVES reduce to NEEDLE SHAPE, FEW STOMATA. - SUNKEN STOMATA - CHLOROPLAST in the STEM. - XEROPHYTES

 IN WATER 1.FLOATING - STOMATA on UPPER epidermis. - CHLOROPLAST concentrated on upper mesophyll cells. - leaves and stems have air-filled cavities.

2. SUBMERGE - thin, small leave without waxy cuticle. - chloroplast in both leaves and stem. - leaves and stem have air-filled cavity.

MECHANISM OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

2 STAGES: LIGHT REACTION AND DARK REACTION

STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPLAST

LIGHT REACTION
Required light. Taken place at grana. Involves photolytic reaction. Produce ATP and hydrogen atoms. End product = oxygen and water. Raw material used = water

DARK REACTION
NOT required light. Taken place at stroma. Involved biochemical reaction. Used ATP and hydrogen atom from light cycle. End product = glucose + water. Raw material used = carbon dioxide.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATIONS

FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS

FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

LIGHT INTENSITY. CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE. TEMPERATURE. WATER.

 Lets look at this simulation.

http://www.saddleworth.oldham.sch.uk/s

LIGHT INTENSITY
Rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to light intensityup to a certain point. WHY??? Limiting factors are
Concentration of carbon dioxide. Temperature.

LIGHT INTENSITY

CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE

An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide results in an increase in the rate of photosynthesis. Limiting factors are
Light intensity Temperature.

CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE

TEMPERATURE
Dark Reaction involved ENZYMES in biochemical reactions. Change in temperature effect the enzyme action. Indirectly it will effect the rate of photosynthesis. Increment of 10C, the rate of photosynthesis will double

TEMPERATURE

TEMPERATURE
Increment of 10C, the rate of photosynthesis double. Optimum temperature 25C 30C. Max rate. Further increase after optimum temperature, rate of photosynthesis decreased. WHY???

WATER
Required in light reaction. Insufficient of water, stomata closed.
Preventing the diffusion of carbon dioxide into leaves. Rate of photosynthesis decreased.

THE DIFFERENCE IN THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS THROUGHOUT THE DAY

 Rate of photosynthesis increases and reaches max at noon.

Light intensity and temperature are higher. From noon to midnight, rate of photosynthesis decreased until it becomes ZERO.

INCREASING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF CROPS BASED ON THE FACTORS AFFECTING . PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

TROPICAL CLIMATE
Characteristic
Moderately high temperature. Abundant rainfall. Sunshine all year round.

Ideal for plant growth for all year round.

TEMPERATE CLIMATE
Characteristic
4 seasons a year. Rate of photosynthesis high during summer. Rate of photosynthesis low during winter.

To ensure year round crops supply, plant is grown in GREENHOUSES where the light intensity, temperature and water supply are artificially control.

GREENHOUSE